NOAA Coral Reef Watch Publications

If you would like a reprint of any article below, please e-mail us.

See the recommended citations for Coral Reef Watch products and methodologies.

For a list of related publications that have used Coral Reef Watch data and products, click here.

I. Coral Reef Watch Data Products:

Lachs, L.; Bythell, J.C.; East, H.K.; Edwards, A.J.; Mumby, P.J.; Skirving, W.J.; Spady, B.L.; Guest, J.R. Fine-tuning heat stress algorithms to optimise global predictions of mass coral bleaching. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 2677. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142677.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Geiger EF, Heron SF, Hernández WJ, Caldwell JM, Falinski K, Callender T, Greene AL, Liu G, De La Cour JL, Armstrong RA, Donahue MJ and Eakin CM (2021) Optimal Spatiotemporal Scales to Aggregate Satellite Ocean Color Data for Nearshore Reefs and Tropical Coastal Waters: Two Case Studies. Front. Mar. Sci.. 8:643302. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.643302.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Skirving, W; Marsh, B; De La Cour, J; Liu, G; Harris, A; Maturi, E; Geiger, E; Eakin, CM. CoralTemp and the Coral Reef Watch Coral Bleaching Heat Stress Product Suite Version 3.1. Remote Sens. 2020, 12, 3856; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12233856.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Liu, G, Eakin CM, Chen M, Kumar A, De La Cour JL, Heron SF, Geiger EF, Skirving WJ, Tirak KV, Strong AE (2018) Predicting Heat Stress to Inform Reef Management: NOAA Coral Reef Watch's 4-Month Coral Bleaching Outlook. Front. Mar. Sci. 5:57.
doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00057.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Skirving, W, Enríquez S, Hedley J, Dove S, Eakin CM, Mason RAB, De La Cour JL, Liu G, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Strong AE, Mumby PJ, Iglesias-Prieto R. Remote Sensing of Coral Bleaching Using Temperature and Light: Progress towards an Operational Algorithm, Remote Sens. 2018, 10(1), 18; doi:10.3390/rs10010018.
--- Free download from the publisher.
--- Free download of the Special Issue 'Sea Surface Temperature Retrievals from Remote Sensing' (printed edition).
Liu, G, Skirving WJ, Geiger EF, De La Cour JL, Marsh BL, Heron SF, Tirak KV, Strong AE, Eakin CM (2017) NOAA Coral Reef Watch's 5km Satellite Coral Bleaching Heat Stress Monitoring Product Suite Version 3 and Four-Month Outlook Version 4. Reef Encounter 45 32(1): 39-45.
--- Free download.
Payne, MR, Hobday AJ, MacKenzie BR, Tommasi D, Dempsey DP, Fässler SMM, Haynie AC, Ji R, Liu G, Lynch PD, Matei D, Miesner AK, Mills KE, Strand KO, Villarino E (2017) Lessons from the first generation of marine ecological forecast products. Front. Mar. Sci. 4:289. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00289.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Heron, SF, Maynard J, van Hooidonk R, Eakin CM (2016). Warming Trends and Bleaching Stress of the World's Coral Reefs 1985-2012. Scientific Reports 6: 38402, doi:10.1038/srep38402.
--- Free download from the publisher.
--- NOAA Coral Reef Information System website feature.
Eakin, CM, Liu G, Gomez AM, De La Cour JL, Heron SF, Skirving WJ, Geiger EF, Tirak KV, Strong AE (2016). Global Coral Bleaching 2014-2017? Status and an Appeal for Observations. Reef Encounter 43 31(1): 20-26.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Heron, S.F.; Johnston, L.; Liu, G.; Geiger, E.F.; Maynard, J.A.; De La Cour, J.L.; Johnson, S.; Okano, R.; Benavente, D.; Burgess, T.F.R.; Iguel, J.; Perez, D.; Skirving, W.J.; Strong, A.E.; Tirak, K.; Eakin, C.M. (2016). Validation of Reef-scale Thermal Stress Satellite Products for Coral Bleaching Monitoring. Remote Sensing 8(1): 59, doi:10.3390/rs8010059.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Mohammed, S.S.; Heron, S.F.; Mahabir, R.; Clarke, R.M. Performance Evaluation of CRW Reef-Scale and Broad-Scale SST-Based Coral Monitoring Products in Fringing Reef Systems of Tobago. Remote Sensing 2016, 8(1): 12, doi:10.3390/rs8010012.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Heron, S.F., Liu G., Eakin C.M., Skirving W.J., Muller-Karger F.E., Vega-Rodriguez M., De La Cour J.L., Burgess T.F.R., Strong A.E., Geiger E.F., Guild L.S., Lynds S. (2015). Climatology Development for NOAA Coral Reef Watch's 5-km Product Suite. Technical Report NESDIS 145. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service, Coral Reef Watch, College Park, MD. 21 p. doi:10.7289/V59C6VBS.
--- Free download .
--- NOAA Coral Reef Information System website feature.
Liu, G, Heron SF, Eakin CM, Muller-Karger FE, Vega-Rodriguez M, Guild LS, De La Cour JL, Geiger EF, Skirving WJ, Burgess TFR, Strong AE, Harris A, Maturi E, Ignatov A, Sapper J, Li J, Lynds S (2014). Reef-scale Thermal Stress Monitoring of Coral Ecosystems: New 5-km Global Products from NOAA Coral Reef Watch. Remote Sensing 6(11): 11579-11606, doi:10.3390/rs61111579.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Heron, SF, Liu G, Rauenzahn JL, Christensen TRL, Skirving WJ, Burgess TFR, Eakin CM, Morgan JA (2014). Improvements to and Continuity of Operational Global Thermal Stress Monitoring for Coral Bleaching. J. Operational Oceanography 7(2): 3-11.
--- More details from the publisher.
Liu, G, Heron SF, Eakin CM, Rauenzahn JL, Geiger EF, Skirving WJ, Burgess TFR, Strong AE (2014). NOAA Coral Reef Watch's Next-Generation 5 km Satellite Coral Bleaching Thermal Stress Monitoring. Reef Encounter 40 29(2): 27-29.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Liu, G., J.L. Rauenzahn, S.F. Heron, C.M. Eakin, W.J. Skirving, T.R.L. Christensen, A.E. Strong, J. Li (2013). NOAA Coral Reef Watch 50 km Satellite Sea Surface Temperature-Based Decision Support System for Coral Bleaching Management. NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 143. NOAA/NESDIS. College Park, MD. 33pp.
--- Free download.
--- NOAA Coral Reef Information System website feature.
Lucas, E.Y., A.E. Strong (2013). Product Development Plan for the Next Generation of Satellite Remote Sensing Products for NOAA Coral Reef Ecosystem Management Activities. NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 142B. NOAA/NESDIS. Silver Spring, MD. 69pp.
--- Free download.
--- NOAA Coral Reef Information System website feature.
Eakin, C.M., G. Liu, M. Chen, A. Kumar (2012). Ghost of bleaching future: Seasonal Outlooks from NOAA's Operational Climate Forecast System. Proceedings of the 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, Cairns, Australia, 9-13 July 2012.
--- Free download from the conference website.
Liu, G, C.M. Eakin, J.L. Rauenzahn, T.R.L. Christensen, S.F. Heron, J. Li, W. Skirving, A.E. Strong, T. Burgess (2012). NOAA Coral Reef Watch's Decision Support System for Coral Reef Management. Proceedings of the 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, Cairns, Australia, 9-13 July 2012.
--- Free download from the conference website.
Strong, A.E., E.Y. Lucas, C.M. Eakin, J. Rauenzahn, P. Chang, A. Ignatov, G. Liu, E. Maturi, L. Miller, W. Pichel, W.J. Skirving, M. Wang (2012). Enhanced Satellite-Remote Sensing for Coral Reef Management: Next Decade. Proceedings of the 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, Cairns, Australia, 9-13 July 2012.
--- Free download from the conference website.
Strong, A.E., G. Liu, W. Skirving, C.M. Eakin (2011). NOAA's Coral Reef Watch Program from satellite observations. Annals of GIS 17(2): 83-92, doi: 10.1080/19475683.2011.576266.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Heron, S.F., B.L. Willis, W.J. Skirving, C.M. Eakin, C.A. Page, I.R. Miller (2010). Summer Hot Snaps and Winter Conditions: Modelling White Syndrome Outbreaks on Great Barrier Reef Corals. PLoS One.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Liu, G., L.E. Matrosova, C. Penland, D.K. Gledhill, C.M. Eakin, R.S. Webb, T.R.L. Christensen, S.F. Heron, J.A. Morgan, W.J. Skirving and A.E. Strong (2009). NOAA Coral Reef Watch Coral Bleaching Outlook System. Proceedings of the 11th International Coral Reef Symposium, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida: 951-955.
--- Free download from the conference website.
Strong, A.E., F. Arzayus, W. Skirving and S.F. Heron (2006). Identifying Coral Bleaching Remotely via Coral Reef Watch - Improved Integration and Implications for Changing Climate. In J.T. Phinney, et al. [Eds.], Coral Reefs and Climate Change: Science and Management. Coastal and Estuarine Studies, Vol. 61, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. 163-180 pp.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Liu G, Strong A, Skirving W, Arzayus F. (2005). Overview of NOAA Coral Reef Watch program's near real-time satellite global coral bleaching monitoring activities. Proc 10th Int Coral Reef Symp, Okinawa, Japan. 1. 1783-1793.
--- Free download.
Strong, A.E., G. Liu, J. Meyer, J.C. Hendee, and D. Sasko, 2004: Coral Reef Watch 2002. Bull. Mar. Sci., 75(2): 259-268.
--- Free download.
Hendee, J.C., G. Liu, A. Strong, J. Sapper, D. Sasko, and C. Dahlgren (2002). Near Real-Time Validation of Satellite Sea Surface Temperature Products at Rainbow Gardens Reef, Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments, Miami, Florida, 20-22 May 2002. Veridian Systems Division, CD-ROM, 9 pp.
--- Free download.
Strong, A.E., T.J. Goreau and R. Hayes (1999). Ocean HotSpots and Coral Reef Bleaching: January - July 1998. Reef Encounter 24: 20-22.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Toscano, M.A., A.E. Strong and I.C. Guch (1999). New analyses for ocean HotSpots and coral reef bleaching. Reef Encounter 26: 31.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Strong, A.E., C.S. Barrientos, C. Duda, and J. Sapper, 1997. Improved satellite techniques for monitoring coral reef bleaching, Proc 8th Int'l Coral Reef Sym, 2, 1495-1498.
--- Download the article in PDF format: 86KB.
Gleeson, M.W. and A.E. Strong (1995). Applying MCSST to coral reef bleaching. Advances in Space Research 16(10): 151-154.
     --- Download the article in PDF format: 110KB
     --- Download the figures in PDF format: 5.4MB
     --- More details from the publisher.
Gleeson, M.W. and A.E. Strong (1994). Applying MCSST to coral reef bleaching. EOS 75: 156.
--- More details from the journal.
Boone, M.J. and A.E. Strong (1992). An MCSST climatology: 1984-1990. EOS 73: 264.
--- More details from the journal.

II. Bleaching Events:

O. Hoegh-Guldberg, W. Skirving, S. Dove, B. Spady, A. Norrie, E. Geiger, G. Liu, J. De La Cour, D. Manzello. Coral reefs in peril in a record-breaking year, Science 10.1126/science.adk4532 (2023).
--- More details from the publisher.
--- NOAA press release about the paper.
Zhang, Y., Gantt, S. E., Keister, E. F., Elder, H., Kolodziej, G., Aguilar, C., Studivan, M. S., Williams, D. E., Kemp, D. W., Manzello, D. P., Enochs, I. C., & Kenkel, C. D. (2023). Performance of Orbicella faveolata larval cohorts does not align with previously observed thermal tolerance of adult source populations. Global Change Biology, 29, 6591-6605. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16977.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Little CM, Liu G, De La Cour JL, Eakin CM, Manzello D and Heron SF (2022) Global coral bleaching event detection from satellite monitoring of extreme heat stress. Front. Mar. Sci. 9:883271. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2022.883271.
--- Free download from the publisher.
van Woesik R, Shlesinger T, Grottoli AG, Toonen RJ, Vega Thurber R, Warner ME, Hulver A, Chapron L, McLachlan R, Albright R, Crandall E, DeCarlo T, Donovan M, Eirin-Lopez J, Harrison H, Heron S, Huang D, Humanes A, Krueger T, Joshua S. Madin J, Manzello DP, McManus L, Matz M, Muller E, Rodriguez-Lanetty M, Vega-Rodriguez M, Voolstra C, Zaneveld J. (2022). Coral-bleaching responses to climate change across biological scales. Global Change Biology, 28, 4229-4250. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16192.
--- Free download from the publisher.
DeMerlis A, Kirkland A, Kaufman M, Mayfield A, Formel N, Kolodziej K, Manzello DP, Lirman D, Traylor-Knowles N, Enochs IC. Pre-exposure to a variable temperature treatment improves the response of Acropora cervicornis to acute thermal stress. Coral Reefs 41, 435-445 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-022-02232-z.
--- More details from the publisher.
Spady BL, Skirving WJ, Liu G, De La Cour JL, McDonald CJ, Manzello DP. Unprecedented early-summer heat stress and forecast of coral bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef, 2021-2022 [version 4; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations]. F1000Research 2022, 11:127 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.108724.4).
--- Free download from the publisher.
Cheung, MWM, Hock K, Skirving W, Mumby PJ (2021). Cumulative bleaching undermines systemic resilience of the Great Barrier Reef. Curr Biol 31(23), 5385-5392 e5384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.078.
--- More details from the publisher.
Ainsworth, T.D., Leggat, W., Silliman, B.R., Lantz, C.A., Bergman, J.L., Fordyce, A.J., Page, C.E., Renzi, J.J., Morton, J., Eakin, C.M., & Heron, S.F. (2021). Rebuilding relationships on coral reefs: Coral bleaching knowledge-sharing to aid adaptation planning for reef users. BioEssays, 43, e2100048. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.202100048.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Mason, R.A.B., Skirving W.J., Dove S.G. (2020) Integrating physiology with remote sensing to advance the prediction of coral bleaching events. Remote Sens Environ 246:111794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111794.
--- More details from the publisher.
Venegas R, Oliver T, Liu G, Heron SF, Clark S, Pomeroy N, Young C, Eakin CM, Brainard RE. The Rarity of Depth Refugia from Coral Bleaching Heat Stress in the Western and Central Pacific Islands. Sci. Rep. 9, 19710 (2019) doi:10.1038/s41598-019-56232-1.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Kim, SW, Sampayo EM, Sommer B, Sims CA, Gómez-Cabrera MdC, Dalton SJ, Beger M, Malcolm HA, Ferrari R, Fraser N, Figueira WF, Smith SDA, Heron SF, Baird AH, Byrne M, Eakin CM, Edgar R, Hughes TP, Kyriacou N, Liu G, Matis PA, Skirving WJ, Pandolfi JM. Refugia under threat: Mass bleaching of coral assemblages in high-latitude eastern Australia. Glob Change Biol. 2019;25:3918-3931. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14772.
--- More details from the publisher.
Eakin, C.M., Sweatman, H.P.A. and Brainard, R.E. The 2014-17 global-scale coral bleaching event: insights and impacts. Coral Reefs (2019) 38(4): 539-545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-019-01844-2.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Curnock, M, Marshall NA, Thiault L, Heron SF, Hoey J, Williams G, Taylor B, Pert PL, Goldberg J (2019). Shifts in tourists' sentiments and climate risk perceptions following mass coral bleaching of the Great Barrier Reef. Nature Climate Change 9, 535-541. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0504-y.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Brodnicke, O.B., Bourne, D.G., Heron, S.F., Pears, R.J., Stella, J.S., Smith, H.A., Willis, B.L. Unravelling the links between heat stress, bleaching and disease: fate of tabular corals following a combined disease and bleaching event. Coral Reefs 38, 591-603 (2019) doi:10.1007/s00338-019-01813-9.
--- More details from the publisher.
Devotta, DA, De La Cour JL, Geiger EF, Gomez AM, Heron SF, Liu G, Marsh BL, Skirving WJ, Eakin CM (2019) Overview of the third Global Coral Bleaching Event (2014-2017). In: Kimura, T. Tun, K and Chou, L.M. (eds.) Status of coral reefs in East Asian Seas Region: 2018. Ministry of the Environment of Japan and Japan Wildlife Research Center, Tokyo, Japan, pp. 3-10.
--- Free download.
Hoegh-Guldberg O, Skirving WJ, Lough JM, Liu C, Mann ME, Donner S, Eakin CM, Cantin N, Carilli J, Heron SF, Miller S and Dove S (2019) Commentary: Reconstructing Four Centuries of Temperature-Induced Coral Bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef. Front. Mar. Sci. 6:86. doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00086.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Harrison, HB, Álvarez-Noriega M, Baird AH, Heron SF, MacDonald C, Hughes TP. Back-to-back coral bleaching events on isolated atolls in the Coral Sea. Coral Reefs 38, 713-719 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-018-01749-6.
--- More details from the publisher.
C.M. Eakin, G. Liu, A.M. Gomez, J.L. De La Cour, S.F. Heron, W.J. Skirving, E.F. Geiger, B.L. Marsh, K.V. Tirak, A.E. Strong, 2018: Unprecedented three years of global coral bleaching 2014-17 [in "State of the Climate in 2017"]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 99 (8), S74-S75, doi:10.1175/2018BAMSStateoftheClimate.1.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Oliver, J.K., Berkelmans R., Eakin C.M. (2018) Chapter 3 - Coral Bleaching in Space and Time. In M.J.H. van Oppen & J.M. Lough [Eds.], Coral Bleaching: Patterns, Processes, Causes and Consequences 2nd Edition. Ecological Studies 233, Springer, Berlin. 356 pp.
--- More details from the publisher.
Hughes, TP, Kerry JT, Baird AH, Connolly SR, Dietzel A, Eakin CM, Heron SF, Hoey AS, Hoogenboom MO, Liu G, McWilliam MJ, Pears RJ, Pratchett MS, Skirving WJ, Stella JS, Torda G (2018) Global warming transforms coral reef assemblages. Nature 556, 492-496, doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0041-2.
--- More details from the publisher.
Hughes, T.P, Anderson K.D., Connolly S.R., Heron S.F., Kerry J.T., Lough J.M., Baird A.H., Baum J.K., Berumen M.L., Bridge T.C., Claar D.C., Eakin C.M., Gilmour J.P., Graham N.A.J., Harrison H., Hobbs J-P.A., Hoey A., Hoogenboom M., Lowe R.J., McCulloch M.T., Pandolfi J.M., Pratchett M., Schoepf V., Torda G., Wilson S.K. (2018) Spatial and temporal patterns of mass bleaching of corals in the Anthropocene. Science 359(6371): 80-83, doi:10.1126/science.aan8048.
--- More details from the publisher.
Langlais, CE, Lenton A, Heron SF, Evenhuis C, Sen Gupta A, Brown JN, Kuchinke M. Coral bleaching pathways under the control of regional temperature variability. Nature Climate Change 7, 839-844 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3399.
--- More details from the publisher.
Couch CS, Burns JHR, Liu G, Steward K, Gutlay TN, Kenyon J, Eakin CM, Kosaki RK. (2017) Mass coral bleaching due to unprecedented marine heatwave in Papaha̅naumokua̅kea Marine National Monument (Northwestern Hawaiian Islands). PLoS ONE 12(9): e0185121, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185121.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Eakin, CM, Liu G, Gomez AM, De La Cour JL, Heron SF, Skirving WJ, Geiger EF, Marsh BL, Tirak KV, Strong AE (2017) Ding, Dong, The Witch is Dead (?) - Three Years of Global Coral Bleaching 2014-2017. Reef Encounter 45 32(1): 33-38.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Eakin, CM, Hoegh-Guldberg O (2017) Chasing Coral: A wonderfully told story and a new opportunity for conservation outreach. Reef Encounter 45 32(1): 49-50.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Kayanne, H, Suzuki R, Liu G (2017). Bleaching in the Ryukyu Islands in 2016 and associated Degree Heating Week threshold. Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies 19(1): 17-18, doi:10.3755/galaxea.19.1_17.
--- Free download from the publisher.
González-Rivero, M, Rodriguez-Ramirez A, Tonk L, Puotinen M, Heron S, Skirving W, Kennedy E, Ridgway T, Hoegh-Guldberg O (2017). The effect of cumulative stress on reef slope coral communities in the far northern and northern Great Barrier Reef: 2012 to 2016, Final Report to the Australian Department of Environment and Energy, Project No. PRN 1516-0507.
--- Free download.
Donner, SD, Rickbeil GJM, Heron SF (2017) A new, high-resolution global mass coral bleaching database. PLoS ONE 12(4): e0175490.
--- Free download from the publisher.
--- Databases described in the paper.
Hughes, TP, JT Kerry, M Álvarez-Noriega, JG Álvarez-Romero, KD Anderson, AH Baird, RC Babcock, M Beger, DR Bellwood, R Berkelmans, TC Bridge, I Butler, M Byrne, NE Cantin, S Comeau, SR Connolly, GS Cumming, SJ Dalton, G Diaz-Pulido, CM Eakin, WF Figueira, JP Gilmour, HB Harrison, SF Heron, AS Hoey, J-PA Hobbs, MO Hoogenboom, EV Kennedy, C Kuo, JM Lough, RJ Lowe, G Liu, MT McCulloch, HA Malcolm, MJ McWilliam, JM Pandolfi, RJ Pears, MS Pratchett, V Schoepf, T Simpson, WJ Skirving, B Sommer, G Torda, DR Wachenfeld, BL Willis, SK Wilson (2017). Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals. Nature 543(7645): 373-377, doi:10.1038/nature21707.
--- Free download from the publisher.
--- Click here for additional information about the publication.
Wooldridge SA, Heron SF, Brodie JE, Done TJ, Masiri I, Hinrichs S (2017). Excess seawater nutrients, enlarged algal symbiont densities and bleaching sensitive reef locations: 2. A regional-scale predictive model for the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 114(1): 343-354, doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.045.
--- More details from the publisher.
Eakin, CM, Liu G, Gomez AM, De La Cour JL, Heron SF, Skirving WJ, Geiger EF, Tirak KV, Strong AE (2016). Global Coral Bleaching 2014-2017: Status and an Appeal for Observations. Reef Encounter 43 31(1): 20-26.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Liu, G, Heron SF, Eakin CM, Rauenzahn JL, Geiger EF, Skirving WJ, Burgess TFR, Strong AE (2014). NOAA Coral Reef Watch's Next-Generation 5 km Satellite Coral Bleaching Thermal Stress Monitoring. Reef Encounter 40 29(2): 27-29.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Doshi, A., S. Pascoe, O. Thébaud, C.R. Thomas, N Setiasih, J. Tan Chun Hong, J. True, H.Z. Schuttenberg, S.F. Heron (2012). Loss of economic value from coral bleaching in S.E. Asia. Proceedings of the 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, Cairns, Australia, 9-13 July 2012.
--- Free download from the conference website.
Tan C.H., S.F. Heron (2011). First observed severe mass bleaching in Malaysia, Greater Coral Triangle, Galaxea. Journal of Coral Reef Studies 13: 27-28.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Thomas C.R., S.F. Heron (2011). South-East Asia Coral Bleaching Rapid Response: Final Report. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Wealth from Oceans Flagship, Australia. 24pp.
--- Free download.
Eakin, M., J. Morgan, S. Heron, T. Smith, G. Liu, L. Alvarez-Filip, B. Baca, E. Bartels, C. Bastidas, C. Bouchon, M. Brandt, A. Bruckner, L. Bunkley-Williams, A. Cameron, B. Causey, M. Chiappone, T. Christensen, M. Crabbe, O. Day, E. de la Guardia, G. Díaz-Pulido, D. DiResta, D. Gil-Agudelo, D. Gilliam, R. Ginsburg, S. Gore, H. Guzman, J. Hendee, E. Hernández-Delgado, E. Husain, C. Jeffrey, R. Jones, E. Jordán-Dahlgren, L. Kaufman, D. Kline, P. Kramer, J. Lang, D. Lirman, J. Mallela, C. Manfrino, J. Maréchal, K. Marks, J. Mihaly, W. Miller, E. Mueller, E. Muller, C. Orozco Toro, H. Oxenford, D. Ponce-Taylor, N. Quinn, K. Ritchie, S. Rodríguez, A. Rodríguez Ramírez, S. Romano, J. Samhouri, J. Sánchez, G. Schmahl, B. Shank, W. Skirving, S. Steiner, E. Villamizar, S. Walsh, C. Walter, E. Weil, E. Williams, K. Roberson, and Y. Yusuf (2010). Caribbean Corals in Crisis: Record Thermal Stress, Bleaching, and Mortality in 2005. PLoS One 5(11): e13969, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013969.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Fenner, D., S.F. Heron (2009). Annual summer bleaching of a multi-species coral community in backreef pools of American Samoa. Proceedings of the 11th International Coral Reef Symposium, Ft. Lauderdale, 7-11 July 2008.
--- Download the article in PDF format: 182KB.
Oliver, J.K., Berkelmans R., Eakin C.M. (2009) Coral Bleaching in Space and Time. In M.J.H. van Oppen & J.M. Lough [Eds.], Coral Bleaching: Patterns, Processes, Causes and Consequences. Ecological Studies 205, Springer, Berlin. 178 pp.
--- More details from the publisher.
Heron, S., J. Morgan, M. Eakin and W. Skirving (2008). Hurricanes and their effects on coral reefs. In C. Wilkinson & D. Souter [Eds.], Status of Caribbean Coral Reefs after Bleaching and Hurricanes in 2005. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre, Townsville, Australia. pp. 31-36.
--- Download the report in PDF format: 4.0MB.
Morgan, J., S. Heron and M. Eakin (2008). The 2005 Bleaching Event: Coral-List Log. In C. Wilkinson & D. Souter [Eds.], Status of Caribbean Coral Reefs after Bleaching and Hurricanes in 2005. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre, Townsville, Australia. 37-44 pp.
--- Download the report in PDF format: 4.0MB.
Hoegh-Guldburg, O., M. Fine, W. Skirving, R. Johnstone, S. Dove and A. Strong (2005). Coral bleaching following wintry weather. Limnology and Oceanography 50(1): 265-271.
--- Free download from the journal.
Berkelmans, R., G. De'ath, S. Kininmonth and W.J. Skirving (2004). A comparison of the 1998 and 2002 coral bleaching events on the Great Barrier Reef: spatial correlation, patterns, and predictions. Coral Reefs 23(1): 74-83.
--- More details from the journal.
McClanahan, T.R., A.H. Baird, P.A. Marshall and M.A. Toscano (2004). Comparing bleaching and mortality responses of hard corals between southern Kenya and the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 48(3-4): 327-335.
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Liu, G., A.E. Strong, and W. Skirving. 2003. Remote sensing of sea surface temperature during 2002 Barrier Reef coral bleaching. EOS, 84 (15), 137-144.
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Strong, A.E., G. Liu and R. Brainard (2003). NOAA satellites give early warning for coral bleaching in Northwestern Hawaii Archipelago. Coastlines 13(3): 8-11.
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Strong, A.E., G. Liu, T. Kimura, H. Yamano, M. Tsuchiya, S. Kakuma, and R. van Woesik, "Detecting and monitoring 2001 coral reef bleaching events in Ryukyu Islands, Japan using satellite bleaching HotSpot remote sensing technique", IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2002, pp. 237-239 vol.1, doi: 10.1109/IGARSS.2002.1024998.
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Aronson, R.B., W.F. Precht, M.A. Toscano and K.H. Koltes (2002). The 1998 bleaching event and its aftermath on a coral reef in Belize. Marine Biology 141(3): 435-447.
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Bruno, J.F., C.E. Siddon, J.D. Witman, P.L. Colin and M.A. Toscano (2001). El Niño related coral bleaching in Palau, Western Caroline Islands. Coral Reefs 20(2): 127-136.
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Skirving, W. and J. Guinotte (2001). The sea surface temperature story on the Great Barrier Reef during the coral bleaching event of 1998. In E. Wolanski [Ed.] Oceanographic processes of coral reefs: physical and biological links in the Great Barrier Reef. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 356 pp.
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Cumming, R.L., M.A. Toscano, E.R. Lovell, B.A. Carlson, N.K. Dulvy, A. Hughes, J.F. Koven, N.J. Quinn, H.R. Sykes, O.J.S. Taylor and D. Vaughan (2000). Mass coral bleaching in the Fiji Islands, 2000. Proceedings of the 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, Bali: 1161-1169.
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Goreau, T., T. McClanahan, R. Hayes and A.E. Strong (2000). Conservation of coral reefs after the 1998 global bleaching event. Conservation Biology 14(1): 5-15.
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Wilkinson, C., O. Linden, H. Cesar, G. Hodgson, J. Rubens, and A.E. Strong (1999). Ecological and socioeconomic impacts of 1998 coral mortality in the Indian Ocean: an ENSO impact and a warning of future change? Ambio 28(2): 188-196.
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Goreau, T.J., R.L. Hayes and A.E. Strong (1996). Tracking South Pacific coral reef bleaching by satellite and field obervations. Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium, Panama: 1491-1494.
--- Free download.
Emery, G.K. and A.E. Strong (1995). Coral bleaching events of 1994 and high SST. EOS 76: S51.
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McCormack, R.C. and A.E. Strong (1990). Correlations between sea surface temperature trends and Caribbean coral bleaching events. EOS 71: 531.
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III. Climate Change and Coral Reefs:

O. Hoegh-Guldberg, W. Skirving, S. Dove, B. Spady, A. Norrie, E. Geiger, G. Liu, J. De La Cour, D. Manzello. Coral reefs in peril in a record-breaking year, Science 10.1126/science.adk4532 (2023).
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--- NOAA press release about the paper.
Zhang, Y., Gantt, S. E., Keister, E. F., Elder, H., Kolodziej, G., Aguilar, C., Studivan, M. S., Williams, D. E., Kemp, D. W., Manzello, D. P., Enochs, I. C., & Kenkel, C. D. (2023). Performance of Orbicella faveolata larval cohorts does not align with previously observed thermal tolerance of adult source populations. Global Change Biology, 29, 6591-6605. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16977.
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Enochs, I.C., Studivan, M.S., Kolodziej, G., Foord, C., Basden, I., Boyd, A., Formel, N., Kirkland, A., Rubin, E., Jankulak, M., Smith, I., Kelble, C.R., Manzello, D.P. Coral persistence despite marginal conditions in the Port of Miami. Sci Rep 13, 6759 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33467-7.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Palacio-Castro A, Smith T, Brandtneris V, Snyder G, van Hooidonk R, Mate J, Manzello DP, Glynn P, Fong P, Baker A, Increased dominance of heat-tolerant symbionts creates resilient coral reefs in near-term ocean warming, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2023). 120(8):e2202388120, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2202388120.
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Webb, A.E., Enochs, I.C., van Hooidonk, R., van Westen, R.M., Besemer, N., Kolodziej, G., Viehman, T.S., & Manzello, D.P. Restoration and coral adaptation delay, but do not prevent, climate-driven reef framework erosion of an inshore site in the Florida Keys. Sci Rep 13, 258 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26930-4.
--- Free download from the publisher.
McWhorter, J.K., Halloran, P.R., Roff, G., Skirving, W.J., & Mumby, P.J. (2022). Climate refugia on the Great Barrier Reef fail when global warming exceeds 3 °C. Global Change Biology, 28, 5768-5780. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16323.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Little CM, Liu G, De La Cour JL, Eakin CM, Manzello D and Heron SF (2022) Global coral bleaching event detection from satellite monitoring of extreme heat stress. Front. Mar. Sci. 9:883271. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2022.883271.
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van Woesik R, Shlesinger T, Grottoli AG, Toonen RJ, Vega Thurber R, Warner ME, Hulver A, Chapron L, McLachlan R, Albright R, Crandall E, DeCarlo T, Donovan M, Eirin-Lopez J, Harrison H, Heron S, Huang D, Humanes A, Krueger T, Joshua S. Madin J, Manzello DP, McManus L, Matz M, Muller E, Rodriguez-Lanetty M, Vega-Rodriguez M, Voolstra C, Zaneveld J. (2022). Coral-bleaching responses to climate change across biological scales. Global Change Biology, 28, 4229-4250. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16192.
--- Free download from the publisher.
DeMerlis A, Kirkland A, Kaufman M, Mayfield A, Formel N, Kolodziej K, Manzello DP, Lirman D, Traylor-Knowles N, Enochs IC. Pre-exposure to a variable temperature treatment improves the response of Acropora cervicornis to acute thermal stress. Coral Reefs 41, 435-445 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-022-02232-z.
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McWhorter, J.K., Halloran, P.R., Roff, G., Skirving, W.J., Perry, C.T., & Mumby, P.J. (2022). The importance of 1.5 °C warming for the Great Barrier Reef. Global Change Biology, 28, 1332-1341. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15994.
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Towle EK, Donovan EC, Kelsey H, Allen ME, Barkley H, Blondeau J, Brainard R, Carew A, Couch CS, Dillard MK, Eakin CM, Edwards K, Edwards PE, Enochs IC, Fleming CS, Fries AS, Geiger EF, Grove LJ, Groves SH, Gorstein M, Heenan A, Johnson MW, Kimball J, Koss JL, Kindinger T, Levine A, Manzello DP, Miller N, Oliver T, Samson JC, Swanson D, Vargas-Angel B, Viehman TS, and Williams ID (2022) A National Status Report on United States Coral Reefs Based on 2012-2018 Data From National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Coral Reef Monitoring Program. Front. Mar. Sci. 8:812216. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.812216.
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Hughes TP, Kerry JT, Connolly SR, Álvarez-Romero JG, Eakin CM, Heron SF, Moneghetti J, 2021, Emergent properties in the responses of tropical corals to recurrent climate extremes. Current Biology 31 (23), 5393-5399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.10.046.
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Cheung, MWM, Hock K, Skirving W, Mumby PJ (2021). Cumulative bleaching undermines systemic resilience of the Great Barrier Reef. Curr Biol 31(23), 5385-5392 e5384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.078.
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Halloran, P. R., McWhorter, J. K., Arellano Nava, B., Marsh, R., and Skirving, W.: S2P3-R v2.0: computationally efficient modelling of shelf seas on regional to global scales, Geosci. Model Dev., 14, 6177-6195, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-6177-2021, 2021.
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Ainsworth, T.D., Leggat, W., Silliman, B.R., Lantz, C.A., Bergman, J.L., Fordyce, A.J., Page, C.E., Renzi, J.J., Morton, J., Eakin, C.M., & Heron, S.F. (2021). Rebuilding relationships on coral reefs: Coral bleaching knowledge-sharing to aid adaptation planning for reef users. BioEssays, 43, e2100048. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.202100048.
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Rubin ET, Enochs IC, Foord C, Mayfield AB, Kolodziej G, Basden I and Manzello DP (2021) Molecular Mechanisms of Coral Persistence Within Highly Urbanized Locations in the Port of Miami, Florida. Front. Mar. Sci. 8:695236. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.695236.
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Mayfield AB, Aguilar C, Kolodziej G, Enochs IC and Manzello DP (2021) Shotgun Proteomic Analysis of Thermally Challenged Reef Corals. Front. Mar. Sci. 8:660153. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.660153.
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Heron, S.F., Raymundo, L., Sweet, W.V., Papa, A., Moreland-Ochoa, C., Burdick, D.R. 2020. Predicting extreme tide events to inform shallow reef community restoration and management in Guam. NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP 38 and UoG Marine Laboratory Technical Report 167, 48 pp.
--- Free download.
--- NOAA Coral Reef Information System website feature.
Donovan, C; Towle EK; Kelsey H; Allen M; Barkley H; Besemer N; Blondeau J; Eakin M; Edwards K; Enochs I; Fleming C; Geiger E; Grove LJ; Groves S; Johnson M; Johnston M; Kindinger T; Manzello D; Miller N; Oliver T; Samson J; Viehman S. Coral reef condition: A status report for U.S. coral reefs. 2020. https://doi.org/10.25923/wbbj-t585.
--- Free download.
Winter G, Storlazzi C, Vitousek S, van Dongeren A, McCall R, Hoeke R, Skirving W, Marra J, Reyns J, Aucan J, Widlansky M, Becker J, Perry C, Masselink G, Lowe R, Ford M, Pomeroy A, Mendez F, Rueda A and Wandres M (2020) Steps to Develop Early Warning Systems and Future Scenarios of Storm Wave-Driven Flooding Along Coral Reef-Lined Coasts. Front. Mar. Sci. 7:199. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.00199.
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Venegas R, Oliver T, Liu G, Heron SF, Clark S, Pomeroy N, Young C, Eakin CM, Brainard RE. The Rarity of Depth Refugia from Coral Bleaching Heat Stress in the Western and Central Pacific Islands. Sci. Rep. 9, 19710 (2019) doi:10.1038/s41598-019-56232-1.
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Fordyce AJ, Ainsworth TD, Heron SF and Leggat W (2019) Marine Heatwave Hotspots in Coral Reef Environments: Physical Drivers, Ecophysiological Outcomes, and Impact Upon Structural Complexity. Front. Mar. Sci. 6:498. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00498.
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Darling, ES, McClanahan TR, Maina J, Gurney GG, Graham NAJ, Januchowski-Hartley F, Cinner JE, Mora C, Hicks CC, Maire E, Puotinen M, Skirving, WJ, Adjeroud M, Ahmadia G, Arthur A, Bauman AG, Beger M, Berumen M, Bigot L, Bouwmeester J, Brenier A, Bridge T, Brown E, Campbell SJ, Cannon S, Cauvin B, Chen CA, Claudet J, Denis V, Donner S, Estradivari E, Fadli N, Feary DA, Fenner D, Fox H, Franklin EC, Friedlander A, Gilmour J, Goiran C, Guest J, Hobbs J-PA, Hoey AS, Houk P, Johnson S, Jupiter S, Kayal M, Kuo C, Lamb J, Lee MAC, Low J, Muthiga N, Muttaqin E, Nand Y, Nash KL, Nedlic O, Pandolfi JM, Pardede S, Penin L, Ribas-Deulofeu L, Richards Z, Robert TE, Rodgers KS, Safuan CDM, Sala E, Shedrawi G, Sin TM, Smallhorn-West P, Smith JE, Sommer B, Steinberg PD, Sutthacheep M, Tan CHJ, Williams GJ, Wilson S, Yeemin T, Bruno JF, Fortin M-J, Krkosek M, Mouillot D (2019) Social-environmental drivers inform strategic management of coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Nature Ecology & Evolution 3, 1341-1350. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-019-0953-8.
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Muñiz-Castillo, AI, Rivera-Sosa A, Chollett I, Eakin CM, Andrade-Gómez L, McField M, Arias-González JE. (2019) Three decades of heat stress exposure in Caribbean coral reefs: a new regional delineation to enhance conservation. Sci. Rep. 9: 11013. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47307-0.
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Leggat, W, Camp EF, Suggett DJ, Heron SF, Fordyce AJ, Gardner S, Deakin L, Turner M, Beaching LJ, Kuzhiumparambil U, Eakin CM, Ainsworth TD. Rapid coral decay is associated with marine heatwave mortality events on reefs, Current Biology 29(16), 2019, pp. 2723-2730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.077.
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--- NOAA Coral Reef Information System website feature.
Page, CE, Leggat W, Heron SF, Choukroun S, Lloyd J, Ainsworth TD. Seeking Resistance in Coral Reef Ecosystems: The Interplay of Biophysical Factors and Bleaching Resistance under a Changing Climate. BioEssays 41(7): 1800226. https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.201800226.
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Eakin, C.M., Sweatman, H.P.A. and Brainard, R.E. The 2014-17 global-scale coral bleaching event: insights and impacts. Coral Reefs (2019) 38(4): 539-545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-019-01844-2.
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Brodnicke, O.B., Bourne, D.G., Heron, S.F., Pears, R.J., Stella, J.S., Smith, H.A., Willis, B.L. Unravelling the links between heat stress, bleaching and disease: fate of tabular corals following a combined disease and bleaching event. Coral Reefs 38, 591-603 (2019) doi:10.1007/s00338-019-01813-9.
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Skirving W.J., Heron S.F., Marsh B.L., Liu G., De La Cour J.L., Geiger E.F., Eakin C.M. The relentless march of mass coral bleaching: a global perspective of changing heat stress. Coral Reefs 38, 547-557 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-019-01799-4.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Hoegh-Guldberg O, Skirving WJ, Lough JM, Liu C, Mann ME, Donner S, Eakin CM, Cantin N, Carilli J, Heron SF, Miller S and Dove S (2019) Commentary: Reconstructing Four Centuries of Temperature-Induced Coral Bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef. Front. Mar. Sci. 6:86. doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00086.
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DeCarlo TM, Harrison HB, Gajdzik L, Alaguarda D, Rodolfo-Metalpa R, D'Olivo J, Liu G, Patalwala D, McCulloch MT. 2019. Acclimatization of massive reef-building corals to consecutive heatwaves. Proc. R. Soc. B 286: 20190235. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.0235.
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Mcleod, E, Anthony K, Mumby PJ, Maynard J, Beeden R, Graham NAJ, Heron SF, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Jupiter S, MacGowan P, Mangubhai S, Marshall N, Marshall PA, McClanahan TR, Mcleod K, Nyström M, Obura D, Parker B, Possingham HP, Salm RV, Tamelander J. The future of resilience-based management in coral reef ecosystems. J. Environ. Manage. 233 (2019): 291-301. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.034.
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NOAA. 2018. US Coral Reef Monitoring Data Summary 2018. NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program. NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP 31, 224 pp. doi:10.25923/g0v0-nm61.
--- Free download.
Harvell, CD, Montecino-Latorre D, Caldwell JM, Burt JM, Bosley K, Keller A, Heron SF, Salomon AK, Lee L, Pontier O, Pattengill-Semmens C, Gaydos JK. 2019. Disease epidemic and a marine heat wave are associated with the continental-scale collapse of a pivotal predator (Pycnopodia helianthoides). Sci. Adv. 5 (1), eaau7042. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aau7042.
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Hughes, TP, Kerry JT, Connolly SR, Baird AH, Eakin CM, Heron SF, Hoey AS, Hoogenboom MO, Jacobson M, Liu G, Pratchett MS, Skirving W, Torda G. 2019. Ecological memory modifies the cumulative impact of recurrent climate extremes. Nature Climate Change 9, 40-43.
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Heron, SF, van Hooidonk R, Maynard J, Anderson K, Day JC, Geiger E, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Hughes T, Marshall P, Obura D, Eakin CM. 2018. Impacts of Climate Change on World Heritage Coral Reefs: Update to the First Global Scientific Assessment. Paris, UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
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C.M. Eakin, G. Liu, A.M. Gomez, J.L. De La Cour, S.F. Heron, W.J. Skirving, E.F. Geiger, B.L. Marsh, K.V. Tirak, A.E. Strong, 2018: Unprecedented three years of global coral bleaching 2014-17 [in "State of the Climate in 2017"]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 99 (8), S74-S75. doi:10.1175/2018BAMSStateoftheClimate.1.
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Eakin, C.M., Lough J.M., Heron S.F., Liu G. (2018) Chapter 4 - Climate Variability and Change: Monitoring Data and Evidence for Increased Coral Bleaching Stress. In M.J.H. van Oppen & J.M. Lough [Eds.], Coral Bleaching: Patterns, Processes, Causes and Consequences 2nd Edition. Ecological Studies 233, Springer, Berlin. 356 pp.
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Donner, S.D., Heron S.F., Skirving W.J. (2018) Chapter 13 - Future Scenarios: a Review of Modelling Efforts to Predict the Future of Coral Reefs in an Era of Climate Change. In M.J.H. van Oppen & J.M. Lough [Eds.], Coral Bleaching: Patterns, Processes, Causes and Consequences 2nd Edition. Ecological Studies 233, Springer, Berlin. 356 pp.
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Beyer, HL, Kennedy EV, Beger M, Chen CA, Cinner J, Darling E, Eakin CM, Gates R, Heron SF, Knowlton N, Obura D, Palumbi SR, Possingham HP, Puotinen M, Runting RK, Skirving W, Spalding M, Wilson K, Wood S, Veron JE, Hoegh-Guldberg O. Risk-sensitive planning for conserving coral reefs under rapid climate change. Conservation Letters. 2018;e12587. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12587.
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Anderson, KD, Cantin NE, Heron SF, Lough JM, Pratchett MS. Temporal and taxonomic contrasts in coral growth at Davies Reef, central Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Coral Reefs 37, 409-421 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-018-1666-1.
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Hughes, TP, Kerry JT, Baird AH, Connolly SR, Dietzel A, Eakin CM, Heron SF, Hoey AS, Hoogenboom MO, Liu G, McWilliam MJ, Pears RJ, Pratchett MS, Skirving WJ, Stella JS, Torda G (2018) Global warming transforms coral reef assemblages. Nature 556, 492-496, doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0041-2.
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Schumacher BD, Vargas-Ángel B and SF Heron. 2018. Identifying coral reef resilience potential in Tutuila, American Samoa based on NOAA coral reef monitoring data. NOAA Special Publication. NMFS-PIFSC-SP-18-003, 16 pp.
--- Free download.
Liu, G, Eakin CM, Chen M, Kumar A, De La Cour JL, Heron SF, Geiger EF, Skirving WJ, Tirak KV, Strong AE (2018) Predicting Heat Stress to Inform Reef Management: NOAA Coral Reef Watch's 4-Month Coral Bleaching Outlook. Front. Mar. Sci. 5:57.
doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00057.
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Howells EJ, Dunshea G, McParland D, Vaughan GO, Heron SF, Pratchett MS, Burt JA and Bauman AG (2018) Species-Specific Coral Calcification Responses to the Extreme Environment of the Southern Persian Gulf. Front. Mar. Sci. 5:56. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00056.
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Hughes, T.P, Anderson K.D., Connolly S.R., Heron S.F., Kerry J.T., Lough J.M., Baird A.H., Baum J.K., Berumen M.L., Bridge T.C., Claar D.C., Eakin C.M., Gilmour J.P., Graham N.A.J., Harrison H., Hobbs J-P.A., Hoey A., Hoogenboom M., Lowe R.J., McCulloch M.T., Pandolfi J.M., Pratchett M., Schoepf V., Torda G., Wilson S.K. (2018) Spatial and temporal patterns of mass bleaching of corals in the Anthropocene. Science 359(6371): 80-83, doi:10.1126/science.aan8048.
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Carilli, J.E., Hartmann, A.C., Heron, S.F., Pandolfi, J.M., Cobb, K., Sayani, H., Dunbar, R. and Sandin, S.A. (2017), Porites coral response to an oceanographic and human impact gradient in the Line Islands. Limnol. Oceanogr., 62: 2850-2863. doi:10.1002/lno.10670.
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Marra, JJ, Kruk MC, Abecassis M, Diamond H, Genz A, Heron SF, Lander M, Liu G, Potemra JT, Sweet WV, Thompson P, Widlansky MW, Woodworth-Jefcoats P (2017) State of Environmental Conditions in Hawaii and the U.S. Affiliated Pacific Islands under a Changing Climate: 2017. NOAA NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), 82pp.
--- Free download.
Eakin, CM, Hoegh-Guldberg O (2017) Chasing Coral: A wonderfully told story and a new opportunity for conservation outreach. Reef Encounter 45 32(1): 49-50.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Heron SF, Eakin CM, Douvere F, Anderson K, Day JC, Geiger E, Hoegh-Guldberg O, van Hooidonk R, Hughes T, Marshall P, Obura D. 2017. Impacts of Climate Change on World Heritage Coral Reefs: A First Global Scientific Assessment. Paris, UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Anderson, KD, Cantin NE, Heron SF, Pisapia C, Pratchett MS (2017) Variation in growth rates of branching corals along Australia's Great Barrier Reef. Scientific Reports 7: 2920, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-03085-1.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Hoegh-Guldberg O, Poloczanska ES, Skirving W, and Dove S (2017) Coral Reef Ecosystems under Climate Change and Ocean Acidification. Front. Mar. Sci. 4: 158, doi:10.3389/fmars.2017.00158.
--- Free download from the publisher.
González-Rivero, M, Rodriguez-Ramirez A, Tonk L, Puotinen M, Heron S, Skirving W, Kennedy E, Ridgway T, Hoegh-Guldberg O (2017). The effect of cumulative stress on reef slope coral communities in the far northern and northern Great Barrier Reef: 2012 to 2016, Final Report to the Australian Department of Environment and Energy, Project No. PRN 1516-0507.
--- Free download.
Tommasi, D, Stock CA, Hobday AJ, Methot R, Kaplan I, Eveson JP, Holsman K, Miller T, Gaichas S, Gehlen M, Pershing A, Vecchi GA, Msadek R, Delworth T, Eakin CM, Haltuch M, Sefarian R, Spillman CM, Hartog JR, Siedlecki S, Samhouri J, Muhling B, Asch R, Pinsky ML, Saba V, Kapnick S, Gaitan CF, Rykaczewski R, Alexander MA, Xue Y, Pegion KV, Lynch P, Payne MR, Kristiansen T, Lehodey P, Werner FE (2017). Managing living marine resources in a dynamic environment: The role of seasonal to decadal climate forecasts. Progress in Oceanography 152: 15-49, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2016.12.011.
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Manzello, D.P., Eakin C.M., Glynn P.W. (2017) Effects of Global Warming and Ocean Acidification on Carbonate Budgets of Eastern Pacific Coral Reefs. In Glynn P., Manzello D., Enochs I. (eds) Coral Reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Coral Reefs of the World, vol 8. Springer, Dordrecht, doi:10.1007/978-94-017-7499-4_18.
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van de Water, JAJM, Lamb JB, Heron SF, van Oppen MJH, Willis BL (2016). Temporal patterns in innate immunity parameters in reef-building corals and linkages with local climatic conditions. Ecosphere 7(11): e01505, doi:10.1002/ecs2.1505.
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van Hooidonk, R, Maynard J, Tamelander J, Gove J, Ahmadia G, Raymundo L, Williams G, Heron S, Planes S (2016). Local-scale projections of coral reef futures and implications of the Paris Agreement. Scientific Reports 6: 39666, doi:10.1038/srep39666.
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--- Supplementary Information.
Heron, SF, Maynard J, van Hooidonk R, Eakin CM (2016). Warming Trends and Bleaching Stress of the World's Coral Reefs 1985-2012. Scientific Reports 6: 38402, doi:10.1038/srep38402.
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Heron SF, Eakin CM, Maynard JA, van Hooidonk R (2016). Impacts and effects of ocean warming on coral reefs. In: Laffoley, D., & Baxter, J.M. (editors). 2016. Explaining ocean warming: Causes, scale, effects and consequences. Full report. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. pp. 177-197. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2016.08.en.
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Keith, SA, Maynard JA, Edwards AJ, Guest JR, Bauman AG, van Hooidonk R, Heron SF, Berumen ML, Bouwmeester J, Piromvaragorn S, Rahbek C, Baird AH. (2016) Coral mass spawning predicted by rapid seasonal rise in ocean temperature. Proc. R. Soc. B 283(1830): 20160011, doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.0011.
--- More details from the publisher.
Ainsworth, TD, Heron SF, Ortiz JC, Mumby PJ, Grech A, Ogawa D, Eakin CM, Leggat W. (2016) Climate change disables coral bleaching protection on the Great Barrier Reef. Science 352(6283): 338-342, doi:10.1126/science.aac7125.
--- More details from the publisher.
Wilkinson C, Salvat B, Eakin CM, Brathwaite A, Francini-Filho R, Webster N, Ferreira BP, Harris P (2016) Tropical and Sub-Tropical Coral Reefs. In the Group of Experts of the Regular Process [Ed.] The First Global Integrated Marine Assessment: World Ocean Assessment I, United Nations, Chapter 43, 1-42pp.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Magris, RA, Heron SF, Pressey RL (2015) Conservation Planning for Coral Reefs Accounting for Climate Warming Disturbances. PLoS ONE 10(11): e0140828, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140828.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Maynard JA, McKagan S, Raymundo L, Johnson S, Ahmadia GN, Johnston L, Houk P, Williams GJ, Kendall M, Heron SF, van Hooidonk R, Mcleod E, Tracey D, Planes S (2015) Assessing relative resilience potential of coral reefs to inform management. Biological Conservation 192: 109-119, doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.09.001.
--- Free download from the publisher.
--- NOAA Coral Reef Information System website feature.
Gattuso, J-P, Magnan A, Billé R, Cheung WWL, Howes EL, Joos F, Allemand D, Bopp L, Cooley S, Eakin CM, Hoegh-Guldberg O, Kelly RP, Pörtner HO, Rogers AD, Baxter JM, Laffoley D, Osborn D, Rankovic A, Rochette J, Sumaila UR, Treyer S, Turley C (2015) Contrasting futures for ocean and society from different CO₂ emissions scenarios. Science 349(6243): aac4722, doi:10.1126/science.aac4722.
--- Free downloadfrom the publisher.
Howes EL, Joos F, Eakin CM, and Gattuso J-P. (2015) An updated synthesis of the observed and projected impacts of climate change on the chemical, physical and biological processes in the oceans. Frontiers in Marine Science 2: 36, doi:10.3389/fmars.2015.00036.
--- Free download.
Anderson, KD, Heron SF, Pratchett MS. (2015) Species-specific declines in the linear extension of branching corals at a subtropical reef, Lord Howe Island. Coral Reefs 34(2): 479-490, doi:10.1007/s00338-014-1251-1.
--- More details from the publisher.
Vega-Rodriguez, M., Muller-Karger F., Hallock P., Quiles-Perez G., Eakin M., Colella M., Jones D., Li J., Soto I., Guild L., Lynds S., Ruzicka R. (2015) Influence of water-temperature variability on stony coral diversity in Florida Keys patch reefs. Marine Ecology Progress Series 528: 173-186, doi:10.3354/meps11268.
--- More details from the publisher.
Maynard, J, van Hooidonk R, Eakin CM, Puotinen M, Garren M, Williams G, Heron SF, Lamb J, Weil E, Willis B, Harvell CD. Projections of climate conditions that increase coral disease susceptibility and pathogen abundance and virulence. Nature Clim Change 5, 688-694 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2625.
--- More detailsfrom the publisher.
Howes, E. L., Joos, F., Eakin, M., Gattuso, J.-P. (2015) The Oceans 2015 Initiative, Part I: An updated synthesis of the observed and projected impacts of climate change on physical and biological processes in the oceans, Studies N° 02/15, IDDRI, Paris, France, 52pp.
--- Free download.
Weatherdon, L., Rogers, A., Sumaila, R., Magnan, A., Cheung, W.W.L. (2015) The Oceans 2015 Initiative, Part II: An updated understanding of the observed and projected impacts of ocean warming and acidification on marine and coastal socioeconomic activities/sectors, Studies N° 03/15, IDDRI, Paris, France, 46pp.
--- Free download.
Eakin, CM, Rauenzahn JL, Liu G, Heron SF, Skirving WJ, Geiger EF, Burgess TFR, Strong AE (2014) Will 2014-2015 be the Next Big El Niño? If so, What Might it Mean for Coral Reefs? Reef Encounter 40 29(2): 30-35.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Anthony, KRN, Marshall PA, Abdullah A, Beeden R, Bergh C, Black R, Eakin CM, Game ET, Gooch M, Graham NAJ, Green A, Heron SF, van Hooidonk R, Knowland C, Mangubhai S, Marshall N, Maynard JA, McGinnity P, McLeod E, Mumby PJ, Nyström M, Obura D, Oliver J, Possingham HP, Pressey RL, Rowlands GP, Tamelander J, Wachenfeld D, Wear S (2014) Operationalising resilience for adaptive coral reef management under global environmental change. Global Change Biology 21(1): 48-61, doi: 10.1111/gcb.12700.
--- Free download.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., R. Cai, E.S. Poloczanska, P.G. Brewer, S. Sundby, K. Hilmi, V.J. Fabry, and S. Jung (2014) The Ocean. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [Barros, V.R., C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1655-1731.
--- Free download.
Eakin, CM (2014) Lamarck was partially right - and that is good for corals (perspective article). Science 344(6186): 798-799.
--- More details from the publisher.
Jackson, Jeremy B.C., Donovan, Mary K., Cramer, Katie L., Lam, Vivian Y.Y., Bak, Rolf P.M., Chollett, Iliana, Connolly, Sean R., Cortés, Jorge, Dustan, Phil, Eakin, C. Mark, Friedlander, Alan M., Greenstein, Benjamin J., Heron, Scott F., Hughes, Terry, Miller, Jeff, Mumby, Peter, Pandolfi, John M., Rogers, Caroline S., Steneck, Robert, Weil, Ernesto, Alemu I, Jahson B., Alevizon, William S., Ariás-González, Jesús Ernesto, Atkinson, Andrea, Ballantine, David L., Bastidas, Carolina, Bouchon, Claude, Bouchon-Navaro, Yolande, Box, Steve, Brathwaite, Angelique, Bruno, John F., Caldow, Chris, Carpenter, Robert C., Charpentier, Bernadette H., Causey, Billy, Chiappone, Mark, Claro, Rodolfo, Cróquer, Aldo, Debrot, Adolphe O., Edmunds, Peter, Fenner, Douglas, Fonseca, Ana, Ford, Marcia C., Forman, Kirah, Forrester, Graham E., Garza-Pérez, Joaquín R., Gayle, Peter M.H., Grimsditch, Gabriel D., Guzmán, Hector M., Harborne, Alastair R., Hardt, Marah J., Hixon, Mark, Idjadi, Joshua, Jaap, Walter, Jeffrey, Christopher F.G., Johnson, Ayana Elizabeth, Jordán-Dahlgren, Eric, Koltes, Karen, Lang, Judith C., Loya, Yossi, Majil, Isaias, Manfrino, Carrie, Maréchal, Jean-Philippe, McCoy, Croy M.R., McField, Melanie D., Murdoch, Thaddeus, Nagelkerken, Ivan, Nemeth, Richard, Nugues, Maggy M., Oxenford, Hazel A., Paredes, Gustavo, Pitt, Joanna M., Polunin, Nicholas V.C., Portillo, Pedro, Reyes, Héctor Bonilla, Rodríguez-Martínez, Rosa E., Rodriguez-Ramirez, Alberto, Ruttenberg, Benjamin I., Ruzicka, Rob, Sandin, Stuart, Shulman, Myra J., Smith, Struan R., Smith, Tyler B., Sommer, Brigitte, Stallings, Chris, Torres, Rubén E., Tunnell Jr., John W., Vermeij, Mark J.A., Williams, Ivor D., Witman, Jon D. (2014). Part I: Overview And Synthesis For The Wider Caribbean Region. In: J. Jackson, M. Donovan, K. Cramer, and V. Lam (eds.), Status And Trends Of Caribbean Coral Reefs: 1970-2012, Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, pp. 55-154.
--- Free download.
Schuttenberg, HZ, Pascoe S, Heron SF, Setiasih N, Tan JCH, True J, Manopawitr P, Calgaro E, Chelliah A, Doshi A, Hyde J, Lau CM, Purwita D, Yee S. (2014). Building Capacity for Socio-ecological Resilience to Coral Bleaching Events in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. APN Science Bulletin 4: 152-157.
--- Free download.
Weijerman, M, Birkeland C, Piniak GA, Miller MW, Eakin CM, McElhany P, Dunlap M, Patterson M, Brainard RE (2014). Endangered Species Act listing: three case studies of data deficiencies and consequences of ESA 'threatened' listing on research output. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 7: 15-21.
--- More details from the publisher.
Burge, CA, Eakin CM, Friedman CS, Froelich B, Hershberger PK, Hofmann EE, Petes LE, Prager KC, Weil E, Willis BL, Ford SE, Harvell CD (2014). Climate change influences on marine infectious diseases: implications for management and society. Annual Review of Marine Science 6: 249-277.
--- More details from the publisher.
Neal, B.P., Condit C., Liu G., dos Santos S., Kahru M., Mitchell B.G., Kline D.I. (2014). When depth is no refuge: cumulative thermal stress increases with depth in Bocas del Toro, Panama. Coral Reefs 33(1): 193-205, doi: 10.1007/s00338-013-1081-6.
--- More details from the publisher.
Logan, C.A., J.P. Dunne, C.M. Eakin, S.D. Donner (2014). Incorporating adaptive responses into future projections of coral bleaching. Global Change Biology 20(1): 125-139, doi:10.1111/gcb.12390.
--- More details from the publisher.
Brainard, R.E., Weijerman M., Eakin C.M., McElhany P., Miller M.W., Patterson M., Piniak G.A., Dunlap M.J., Birkeland C. (2013). Incorporating Climate and Ocean Change into Extinction Risk Assessments for 82 Coral Species. Conservation Biology 27(6): 1169-1178, doi:10.1111/cobi.12171.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Birkeland, C., Miller M.W., Piniak G.A., Eakin C.M., Weijerman M., McElhany P., Dunlap M., Brainard R.E. (2013). Safety in numbers? Abundance may not safeguard corals from increasing carbon dioxide. BioScience 63(12): 967-974, doi: 10.1525/bio.2013.63.12.9.
--- More details from the publisher.
Kennedy, EV, Perry CT, Halloran PR, Iglesias-Prieto R, Schönberg CHL, Wisshak M, Form AU, Carricart-Ganivet JP, Fine M, Eakin CM, Mumby PJ (2013). Avoiding Coral Reef Functional Collapse Requires Local and Global Action. Current Biology 23(10): 912-918, doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.020.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Bauman, A.G., M.S. Pratchett, A.H. Baird, B. Riegl, S.F. Heron, D.A. Feary (2013). Variation in the size structure of corals is related to environmental extremes in the Persian Gulf. Marine Environmental Research 84: 43-50, doi: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.11.007.
--- More details from the publisher.
Gove, J.M., G.J. Williams, M.A. McManus, S.F. Heron, S.A. Sandin, O.J. Vetter, D.G. Foley (2013). Quantifying Climatological Ranges and Anomalies for Pacific Coral Reef Ecosystems. PLoS ONE 8(4): e61974, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061974.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Chollett, I., F.E. Müller-Karger, S.F. Heron, W. Skirving, P.J. Mumby (2012). Seasonal and spatial heterogeneity of recent sea surface temperature trends in the Caribbean Sea and southeast Gulf of Mexico. Marine Pollution Bulletin 64(5): 956-965.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Heron, S.F., R.L. Pressey, W.J. Skirving, J.L. Rauenzahn, B.A.A. Parker, C.M. Eakin (2012). Identifying Oceanic Thermal Anomalies in the Coral Triangle Region. Proceedings of the 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, Cairns, Australia, 9-13 July 2012.
--- Free download from the conference website.
Logan, C.A., J.D. Dunne, C.M. Eakin, S.D. Donner (2012). A framework for comparing coral bleaching thresholds. Proceedings of the 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, Cairns, Australia, 9-13 July 2012.
--- Free download from the conference website.
McClanahan, T.R., S.D. Donner, J.A. Maynard, M.A. MacNeil, N.A.J. Graham, J.M. Maina, A.C. Baker, J.B. Alemu, I.M. Beger, S.J. Campbell, E.S. Darling, C.M. Eakin, S.F. Heron, S.D. Jupiter, C.J. Lundquist, E. McLeod, P.J. Mumby, M.J. Paddack, E.R. Selig, R. van Woesik (2012). Prioritizing key resilience indicators to support coral reef management in a changing climate, PLoS ONE 7(8): e42884.
--- Free download from the publisher.
McLeod, E., A. Green, E. Game, K. Anthony, J. Cinner, S.F. Heron, J. Kleypas, C. Lovelock, J.M. Pandolfi, R.L. Pressey, R. Salm, S. Schill, C. Woodroffe (2012). Integrating climate and ocean change vulnerability into conservation planning, Coastal Management 40:6, 651-672,
--- More details from the publisher.
Helmle, K.P., R.E. Dodge, P.K. Swart, D.K. Gledhill, C.M. Eakin (2011). Growth rates of Florida corals from 1937 to 1996 and their response to climate change. Nature Communications 2(215), doi:10.1038/ncomms1222.
--- More details from the publisher.
Mumby, P.J., I.A. Elliott, C.M. Eakin, W. Skirving, C.B. Paris, H.J. Edwards, S. Enríquez R. Iglesias-Prieto, L.M. Cherubin, J.R. Stevens (2011). Reserve design for uncertain responses of coral reefs to climate change. Ecology Letters, 14: 132.140, doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01562.x.
--- More details from the publisher.
Brainard, R.E., C. Birkeland, C.M. Eakin, P. McElhany, M.W. Miller, M. Patterson, and G.A. Piniak. 2011. Status review report of 82 candidate coral species petitioned under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo., NOAA-TM-NMFS-PIFSC-27, 530 p. + 1 Appendix.
--- Free download.
Spillman, C.M., S.F. Heron, M.R. Jury, K.R.N. Anthony (2011). Climate Change and Carbon Threats to Coral Reefs: National Meteorological and Ocean Services as Sentinels. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 92, 1581.1586. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00009.1.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Jury, M., S. Heron S, C. Spillman, K. Anthony, P. Dexter, M. Sivakumar M. (2010) Climate, Carbon and Coral Reefs. WMO-No. 1063, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. 32pp.
--- Free download.
Simpson, M.C., D. Scott, M. New, R. Sim, D. Smith, M. Harrison, C.M. Eakin, R. Warrick, A.E. Strong, P. Kouwenhoven, S. Harrison, M. Wilson, G.C. Nelson, S. Donner, R. Kay, D.K. Geldhill, G. Liu, J.A. Morgan, J.A. Kleypas, P.J. Mumby, A. Palazzo, T.R.L. Christensen, M.L. Baskett, W.J. Skirving, C. Elrick, M. Taylor, M. Magalhaes, J. Bell, J.B. Burnett, M.K. Rutty, M. Overmas, and R. Robertson. (2009) An Overview of Modelling Climate Change Impacts in the Caribbean Region with contribution from the Pacific Islands, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Barbados, West Indies
     --- Full report (PDF, 5.1MB).
     --- Summary document (PDF, 9.4MB).
     --- Key points (PDF, 3.0MB).
     --- Publicity poster #1 (PDF, 5.3MB).
     --- Publicity poster #2 (PDF, 6.8MB).
Eakin, C.M., Lough J.M., Heron S.F. (2009) Climate Variability and Change: Monitoring data and evidence for increased coral bleaching stress. In M.J.H. van Oppen & J.M. Lough [Eds.], Coral Bleaching: Patterns, Processes, Causes and Consequences. Ecological Studies 205, Springer, Berlin. 178 pp.
--- More details from the publisher.
Donner, S.D., Heron S.F., Skirving W.J. (2009) Future Scenarios: A review of modelling efforts to predict the future of coral reefs in an era of climate change. In M.J.H. van Oppen & J.M. Lough [Eds.], Coral Bleaching: Patterns, Processes, Causes and Consequences. Ecological Studies 205, Springer, Berlin. 178 pp.
--- More details from the publisher.
Peñaflor, E.L., Skirving, W.J., Strong, A.E., Heron, S.F., David, L.T. (2009). Sea-surface temperature and thermal stress in the Coral Triangle over the past two decades. Coral Reefs 28: 841, doi: 10.1007/s00338-009-0522-8.
--- More details from the publisher.
Maynard, J., J. Johnson, P. Marshall, C. Eakin, G. Goby, H. Schuttenberg and C. Spillman (2009). A Strategic Framework for Responding to Coral Bleaching Events in a Changing Climate. Environmental Management.
--- More details from the journal.
Strong, A.E., G. Liu, C.M. Eakin, T.R.L. Christensen, W.J. Skirving, D.K. Gledhill, S.F. Heron and J.A. Morgan (2009). Implications for Our Coral Reefs in a Changing Climate over the Next Few Decades -- Hints from the past 22 years. Proceedings of the 11th International Coral Reef Symposium, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida: 1324-1328.
--- Free download.
Eakin, C.M., J. Kleypas and O. Hoegh-Guldberg (2008). Global Climate Change and Coral Reefs: Rising Temperatures, Acidification and the Need for Resilient Reefs. In C. Wilkinson [Ed.] Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2008. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre, Townsville, Australia. 29-34 pp.
--- Free download.
Heron, S., W. Skirving and M. Eakin (2008). Global Climate Change and Coral Reefs: Reef Temperature Perspectives Covering the Last Century. In C. Wilkinson [Ed.] Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2008. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre, Townsville, Australia. 35-40 pp.
--- Free download.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., P.J. Mumby, A.J. Hooten, R.S. Steneck, P. Greenfield, E. Gomez, C.D. Harvell, P.F. Sale, A.J. Edwards, K. Caldeira, N. Knowlton, C.M. Eakin, R. Iglesias-Prieto, N. Muthiga, R.H. Bradbury, A. Dubi and M.E. Hatziolos (2008). Response to Coral Adaptation in the Face of Climate Change. Science 320(5874): 315-316.
--- More details from the journal.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., P.J. Mumby, A.J. Hooten, R.S. Steneck, P. Greenfield, E. Gomez, C.D. Harvell, P.F. Sale, A.J. Edwards, K. Caldeira, N. Knowlton, C.M. Eakin, R. Iglesias-Prieto, N. Muthiga, R.H. Bradbury, A. Dubi and M.E. Hatziolos (2007). Coral Reefs Under Rapid Climate Change and Ocean Acidification. Science 318(5857): 1737-1742.
--- Free download from the journal.
Schuttenberg, H., C. Corrigan, L. McLeod, P. Marshall, N. Setiasih, D. Obura, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, B. Causey, M. Drew, L. Hansen, G. Grimsditch, J. West, A. Skeat, M. Eakin, L. McCook, M. Crawford, P. Kramer and S. Campbell (2007). Building resilience into coral reef management: Key findings & recommendations. Proceedings of the 3rd International Tropical Marine Ecosystems Management Symposium (ITMEMS3), Cozumel, Mexico, 16-20 October 2006, ICRI and ICRAN.
--- Free download from the conference website.
Liu, G. and A.E. Strong (2007). Coral Bleaching. In M.D. King, et al. [Eds.], Our Changing Planet: The View From Space. Cambridge University Press, New York. 184-186 pp.
--- More details from the publisher.
Phinney, J.T., O. Hoegh-Guldburg, J. Kleypas, W. Skirving and A. Strong [Eds]. (2006). Coral Reefs and Climate Change: Science and Management. Coastal and Estuarine Studies, Vol. 61. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. 244 pp.
--- Free download.
Donner, S.D., W.J. Skirving, C.M. Little, M. Oppenheimer and O. Hoegh-Guldberg (2005). Global assessment of coral bleaching and required rates of adaptation under climate change. Global Change Biology 11(12): 2251-2265.
--- Free download from the journal.
Liu, G., W. Skirving and A.E. Strong (2003). Potential for expansion of coral reefs into higher latitudes due to climate change. OCEANS 2003, Vol. 5. P2745 - P2747 pp.
--- Free download from the journal.
Wellington, G.M., P.W. Glynn, A.E. Strong, S.A. Navarrete, E. Wieters and D. Hubbard (2001). Crisis on coral reefs linked to climate change. EOS 82(1): 1,5.
--- More details from the journal.
Goreau, T.J., R. Hayes, A.E. Strong, E. Williams, G. Smith, J. Cervino and M. Goreau (1998). Coral reefs and Global Change: Impacts of Temperature, Bleaching, and Emerging Diseases. Sea Wind 12(3): 2-6.
--- Download the article in PDF format: 261KB.
Roberts, C.M., J. Hawkins, F.W. Schueler, A.E. Strong and D.E. McAllister (1998). The distribution of coral reef fish biodiversity: the climate-biodiversity connection. Sea Wind 12(4): 14-28.
Montgomery, R.S. and A.E. Strong (1994). Coral bleaching threatens oceans, life. EOS, 75(13), 145-147. doi:10.1029/94EO00837.
--- More details from the journal.

IV. Remote Sensing Technology for Coral Reefs and other Marine Ecosystems:

Bayler, E.; Chang, P.S.; De La Cour, J.L.; Helfrich, S.R.; Ignatov, A.; Key, J.; Lance, V.; Leuliette, E.W.; Byrne, D.A.; Liu, Y.; et al. Satellite Oceanography in NOAA: Research, Development, Applications, and Services Enabling Societal Benefits from Operational and Experimental Missions. Remote Sens. 2024, 16, 2656. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16142656.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Bernardes Batista, M.; Batista Anderson, A.; Franzan Sanches, P.; Simionatto Polito, P.; Lima Silveira, T.C.; Velez-Rubio, G.M.; Scarabino, F.; Camacho, O.; Schmitz, C.; Martinez, A.; Ortega, L.; Fabiano, G.; Rothman, M.D.; Liu, G.; Ojeda, J.; Mansilla, A.; Barreto, L.M.; Assis, J.; Serrão, E.A.; Santos, R.; Antunes Horta, P. Kelps' Long-Distance Dispersal: Role of Ecological/Oceanographic Processes and Implications to Marine Forest Conservation. Diversity 2018 10(1), 11, doi:10.3390/d10010011.
--- Free download from the journal.
Sissini, MN, de Barros Barreto MBB, Széchy MTM, de Lucena MB, Oliveira MC, Gower J, Liu G, de Oliveira Bastos E, Milstein D, Gusmão F, Martinelli-Filho JE, Alves-Lima C, Colepicolo P, Ameka G, de Graft-Johnson K, Gouvea L, Torrano-Silva B, Nauer F, de Castro Nunes JM, Barufi JB, Rörig L, Riosmena-Rodríguez R, Mello TJ, Lotufo LVC, Horta PA (2017) The floating Sargassum (Phaeophyceae) of the South Atlantic Ocean - likely scenarios. Phycologia 56(3): 321-328, doi: 10.2216/16-92.1.
--- More details from the journal.
Hedley JD, Roelfsema CM, Chollett I, Harborne AR, Heron SF, Weeks S, Skirving WJ, Strong AE, Eakin CM, Christensen TRL, Ticzon V, Bejarano S, and Mumby PJ (2016) Remote Sensing of Coral Reefs for Monitoring and Management: A Review. Remote Sensing 8(2): 118, doi:10.3390/rs8020118.
--- Free download from the journal.
--- **Winner of Rank 3 Award of "Remote Sensing 10th Anniversary Best Paper Award" **
Caldwell JM, Heron SF, Eakin CM, Donahue MJ. (2016) Satellite SST-Based Coral Disease Outbreak Predictions for the Hawaiian Archipelago. Remote Sensing 8(2): 93, doi:10.3390/rs8020093.
--- Free download from the journal.
Garde LA, Spillman CM, Heron SF, Beeden RJ (2014) ReefTemp Next Generation: A New Operational System for Monitoring Reef Thermal Stress. Journal of Operational Oceanography 7(1): 21-33.
--- Free download from the journal.
Heron, M., A. Mantovanelli, D. Di Massa, S.F. Heron (2012). Coastal Ocean Radars Applied to Coral Reef Science and Management. Proceedings of the 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, Cairns, Australia, 9-13 July 2012.
--- Free download from the conference website.
Mantovanelli, A., M.L. Heron, S.F. Heron, C.R. Steinberg (2012). Relative dispersion of surface drifters in a barrier reef region. J. Geophys. Res. 117, C11016, doi:10.1029/2012JC008106.
--- More details from the journal.
Burgess, T.F.R., S.F. Heron (2011). Computing Applications for Satellite Temperature Datasets: A Performance Evaluation of Graphics Processing Units. NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 139. NOAA/NESDIS. Silver Spring, MD. 14pp.
--- Free download.
--- NOAA Coral Reef Information System website feature.
Ziskin, D., C. Aubrecht, C. Elvidge, B. Tuttle, C.M. Eakin, A.E. Strong, L.S. Guild (2011). Describing coral reef bleaching using very high spatial resolution satellite imagery: experimental methodology. J. Appl. Remote Sens. 5(1), 053531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3595300.
--- More details from the journal.
Eakin, C.M., C.J. Nim, R.E. Brainard, C. Aubrecht, C. Elvidge, D.K. Gledhill, F. Muller-Karger, P.J. Mumby, W.J. Skirving, A.E. Strong, M. Wang, S. Weeks, F. Wentz, D. Ziskin (2010). Monitoring coral reefs from space. Oceanography 23(4): 118-133.
--- Free download from the journal.
Nim, C.J. and W. Skirving [Eds.] (2010). Satellite Monitoring of Coral Reefs in a Changing Climate. NOAA Technical Report CRCP 1. NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program. Silver Spring, MD. 114 pp.
     --- Download the Executive Summary (PDF, 76KB).
     --- Download the full report (PDF, 13MB).
     --- NOAA Coral Reef Information System website feature.
Aubrecht, C., C.D. Elvidge, C.M. Eakin, D. Ziskin and K.E. Baugh (2009). Coral reef risk assessment using DMSP nighttime lights - Temporal trends and global perspectives. Proceedings of the 33rd International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, Stresa, Lago Maggiore, Italy, May 4-8, 2009.
--- More details from the conference website.
Aubrecht, C., C.D. Elvidge, T. Longcore, C. Rich, J. Safran, A.E. Strong, C.M. Eakin, K.E. Baugh, B.T. Tuttle, A.T. Howard and E.H. Erwin (2008). A global inventory of coral reef stressors based on satellite observed nighttime lights. Geocarto International 23(6): 467-479.
--- Free download from the journal.
Maynard, J.A., P.J. Turner, K.R.N. Anthony, A.H. Baird, R. Berkelmans, C.M. Eakin, J. Johnson, P.A. Marshall, G.R. Packer, A. Rea and B.L. Willis (2008). ReefTemp: an interactive monitoring system for coral bleaching using high-resolution SST and improved stress predictors. Geophysical Research Letters 35: L05603.
--- Free download from the journal.
M.L. Heron, W.J. Skirving and K.J. Michael, "Short-wave ocean wave slope models for use in remote sensing data analysis," in IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 44, no. 7, pp. 1962-1973, July 2006, doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2006.870439.
--- Free download from the journal.
Skirving, W., Liu G., Strong A., Liu C., Sapper J., Arzayus F. (2006) Extreme events and perturbations of coastal ecosystems. In: Richardson L., LeDrew E. (eds) Remote sensing of aquatic coastal ecosystem processes. Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing, vol 9. Springer, Dordrecht.
--- More details from the publisher.
Elvidge, C.D., J.B. Dietz, R. Berkelmans, S. Andréfouët, W. Skirving, A.E. Strong and B.T. Tuttle. Satellite observation of Keppel Islands (Great Barrier Reef) 2002 coral bleaching using IKONOS data. Coral Reefs 23, 123-132 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-003-0364-8.
--- More details from the journal.
Mumby, P.J., W. Skirving, A.E. Strong, J.T. Hardy, E.F. LeDrew, E.J. Hochberg, R.P. Stumpf and L.T. David (2004). Remote sensing of coral reefs and their physical environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48(3-4): 219.
--- More details from the journal.
Nalli, N., F. Arzayus, P. Chang, P. Clemente-Colon, A. Harris, A. Ignatov, R. Legeckis, X. Li, G. Liu, E. Maturi, T. Mavor, R. Meiggs, B. Pichel, J. Sapper, W. Skirving, A. Strong, C. Merchant and S. MacCallum (2004). Satellite Remote Sensing and the NOAA/NESDIS Sea-Surface Temperature Science Team. Backscatter Spring 2004: 24-28.
--- Download the article in PDF format: 2.18MB.
Kutser, T., A.G. Dekker, and W.J. Skirving (2003) Modeling spectral discrimination of Great Barrier Reef benthic communities by remote sensing instruments. Limnology and Oceanography 48(1-2): 497-510.
--- Free download from the journal.
Skirving, W.J. (2002). A system for routinely monitoring radiometric sea surface temperature. Marine Technology Society Journal 36(1): 39-43.
--- Free download from the journal.
Wellington, G.M., A.E. Strong and G. Merlen (2001). Sea surface temperature variation in the Galapagos Archipelago: a comparison between AVHRR nighttime satellite data and in-situ instrumentation (1982-1988). Bulletin of Marine Science 69(1): 27-42.
--- Free download from the journal.
Strong, A.E., E. Kearns and K.K. Gjovig, 2000. Sea Surface Temperature Signals from Satellites - An Update. Geophys. Res. Lett, 27(11): 1667-1670.
--- Free download from the journal.
Patzert, W.C., A.E. Strong and G.C. Feldman (1997). Coral Reefs from Space. In T. Tomascik, et al. [Eds.], The Ecology of the Indonesian Seas. Part II. The Ecology of Indonesia Series, Vol. VII, Periplus Editions Ltd., Singapore. 1206-1208 pp.
--- More details.
Strong, A.E., J.A. Preyer and C.S. Barrientos (1995). Assessing CZCS time-series data globally, regionally, and zonally: 1979-1985. Advances in Space Research 16(10): 147-150.
--- More details from the journal.
Strong, A.E., 1991. Sea surface temperature signals from space. In Encyclopedia of Earth System Science, Ed. W.A. Nierenberg, Vol 4, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp 69-80.
--- More details.

V. Observing Systems and Technologies for Coral Reefs:

Hendee, J., L.J. Gramer, S.F. Heron, M. Jankulak, N. Amornthammarong, M. Shoemaker, T. Burgess, J. Fajans, S. Bainbridge, W. Skirving (2012). Wireless architectures for coral reef environmental monitoring. Proceedings of the 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, Cairns, Australia, 9-13 July 2012.
--- Free download from the conference website.
Heron, S.F., C.R. Steinberg, M.L. Heron, A. Manto vanelli, W.J. Skirving, F. McAllister, P. Rigby, D. Wisdom, S. Bainbridge (2010), Advancing Ocean Monitoring Near Coral Reefs, Eos Trans. AGU, 91(41), 369.370, doi:10.1029/2010EO410001.
--- Free download.
Brainard, R.E., S. Bainbridge, R. Brinkman, C.M. Eakin, M. Field, J-P Gattuso, D. Gledhill, L. Gramer, A. Green, J. Hendee, R.K. Hoeke, S.J. Holbrook, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, M. Lammers, D. Manzello, M. McManus, R. Moffitt, M. Monaco, J.A. Morgan, D. Obura, S. Planes, R.J. Schmitt, C. Steinberg, H. Sweatman, O.J. Vetter, C. Wilkinson, K.B. Wong (2009). An International Network of Coral Reef Ecosystem Observing Systems (I-CREOS), Proceedings of OceanObs.09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society, Venice, Italy, 21-25 September 2009.
--- Free download from the conference website.
Morgan, J.A. J.E. Waddell (eds.) (2009). NOAA Coral Reef Ecosystem Integrated Observing System (CREIOS) Workshops Report. NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP 9. NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program. Silver Spring, MD. 68pp.
--- Free download.

VI. Paleoclimatology:

Grottoli, A.G. and C.M. Eakin (2007). A review of modern coral [delta]18O and [Delta]14C proxy records. Earth-Science Reviews 81(1-2): 67-91.
--- More details from the journal.
Diffenbaugh, N.S., C.M. Eakin, B.L. Otto-Bliesner and M. Zhao [Eds]. (2006a). Glacial-interglacial climate of the past 160,000 years: New insights from data and models. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Vol. 236.
--- More details from the journal.
Diffenbaugh, N.S., C.M. Eakin, B.L. Otto-Bliesner and M. Zhao (2006b). Introduction to the special issue "Glacial-interglacial climate of the past 160,000 years: New insights from data and models". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 236(1-2): 1-4.
--- More details from the journal.
Eakin, C.M. and A.G. Grottoli (2006). Coral Reef Records of Past Climatic Change. In J.T. Phinney, et al. [Eds.], Coral Reefs and Climate Change: Science and Management. Coastal and Estuarine Studies, Vol. 61, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. 33-54 pp.
--- Free download from the journal.
Eakin, C.M., P.K. Swart, T.M. Quinn, K.P. Helmle, J.M. Smith and R.E. Dodge (2006). Application of paleoclimatology to coral reef monitoring and management. Proceedings of the 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa: 588-596.
--- Free download.
Eakin, C.M., M. Diepenbroek and M. Hoepffner (2003). The PAGES Data System. In K.D. Alverson, et al. [Eds.], Paleoclimate, Global Change and the Future. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 175-179 pp.
--- More information from the publisher.
Alverson, K. and C.M. Eakin (2001). Making sure that the world's palaeodata do not get buried - International efforts are keeping information accessible. Nature 412(6844): 269-269.
--- More information from the journal.

VII. Hydrodynamic modeling:

Skirving, W.J., S.F. Heron, C.R. Steinberg, C. McLean, B.A.A. Parker, C.M. Eakin, M.L. Heron, A.E. Strong, and L.F. Arzayus. 2010. Determining Thermal Capacitance for Protected Area Network Design in Palau. Silver Spring, MD: NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program. NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP 12. 317 pp.
     --- More details from CoRIS
     --- Download the full report in PDF format: 16MB
     ---       Main document: 1.2MB
     ---       Appendix I: 12MB
     ---       Appendix II: 2MB
     ---       Appendix III: 0.2MB
     ---       Animation:_Cooling Index (11.5MB, AVI format (playable in RealPlayer))
     ---       Animation:_Elevation (15.3MB, AVI format (playable in RealPlayer))
     ---       Animation:_Mixing parameter (12.3MB, AVI format (playable in RealPlayer))
     ---       Animation:_Velocity (12.6MB, AVI format (playable in RealPlayer))
Heron, S.F., E.J. Metzger and W.J. Skirving (2006). Seasonal Variations of the Ocean Surface Circulation in the Vicinity of Palau. Journal of Oceanography 62(4): 413-426.
--- More details from the journal.
Skirving, W., M. Heron and S.F. Heron (2006). The Hydrodynamics of a Bleaching Event: Implications for Management and Monitoring. In J.T. Phinney, et al. [Eds.], Coral Reefs and Climate Change: Science and Management. Coastal and Estuarine Studies, Vol. 61, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. 145-162 pp.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Skirving, W., S. Heron, C. Steinberg, A.E. Strong, C. McLean, M. Heron, S. Choukroun, F. Arzayus and A. Bauman (2006). Palau Modeling Final Report. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia. 46 pp.
--- Download the report in PDF format: 1.4MB
Heron, S.F. and W.J. Skirving (2004). Satellite bathymetry use in numerical models of ocean thermal stress. La Revista Gayana 68(2): 284-288.
--- Full text online from the publisher.
Steinberg, C.R., S.F. Heron, W.J. Skirving, C. McLean and S.M. Choukroun (2004). Palau Oceanographic Array Data Report, August 2003 - January 2004. Report to The Nature Conservancy. Australian Institute of Marine Science and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 246 pp.
--- Download the report in PDF format: 13MB
Wolanski, E., R. Brinkman, S. Spagnol, F. McAllister, C. Steinberg, W. Skirving and E. Deleersnijder (2003). Merging Scales in Models of Water Circulation. In V.C. Lakhan [Ed.] Advances in Coastal Modelling. Elsevier. 411-429 pp.
--- More details from the publisher.
Brinkman, R., E. Wolanski, E. Deleersnijder, F. Mcallister and W. Skirving (2002). Oceanic inflow from the Coral Sea into the Great Barrier Reef. Estuarine Coastal And Shelf Science 54: 655-668.
--- More details from the journal.

VIII. Ocean Acidification:

Palacio-Castro, A.M., Enochs, I.C., Besemer, N., Boyd, A., Jankulak, M., Kolodziej, G., Hirsh, H.K., Webb, A.E., Towle, E.K., Kelble, C., Smith, I., Manzello, D.P. (2023). Coral reef carbonate chemistry reveals interannual, seasonal, and spatial impacts on ocean acidification off Florida. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 37, e2023GB007789. https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GB007789.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Morris JT, Enochs IC, Studivan MS, Young BD, Mayfield A, Soderberg N, Traylor-Knowles N, Kolodziej G and Manzello D (2023) Ocean acidification influences the gene expression and physiology of two Caribbean bioeroding sponges. Front. Mar. Sci. 10:1223380. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2023.1223380.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Hirsh, H.K., Oliver, T.A., Barkley, H.C., Wren, J.L.K., Monismith, S.G., Manzello, D.P., Enochs, I.C. Predicting Coral Reef Carbonate Chemistry Through Statistical Modeling: Constraining Nearshore Residence Time Around Guam. Aquat Geochem 29, 73-94 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10498-023-09411-6.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Morris, J., Enochs, I., Webb, A., de Bakker, D., Soderberg, N., Kolodziej, G., & Manzello, D. (2022). The influences of diurnal variability and ocean acidification on the bioerosion rates of two reef-dwelling Caribbean sponges. Global Change Biology, 28, 7126-7138. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16442.
--- More details from the publisher.
Morris, J.T., Enochs, I.C., Besemer, N., Viehman, T.S., Groves, S.H., Blondeau, J., Ames, C., Towle, E.K., Grove, L.J.W., Manzello, D.P. Low net carbonate accretion characterizes Florida's coral reef. Sci Rep 12, 19582 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-23394-4.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Manzello D, Kolodziej G, Kirkland A, Besemer N, Enochs I. Increasing coral calcification in Orbicella faveolata and Pseudodiploria strigosa at Flower Garden Banks, Gulf of Mexico. Coral Reefs 40, 1097-1111 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-021-02108-8.
--- Free download from the publisher.
--- NOAA Coral Reef Information System website feature.
Thomas JT, Spady BL, Munday PL, Watson SA. The role of ligand-gated chloride channels in behavioural alterations at elevated CO₂ in a cephalopod. J Exp Biol. 2021 Jul 1;224(13):jeb242335. doi: 10.1242/jeb.242335. Epub 2021 Jul 8. PMID: 34100547.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Gledhill, D.K., R. Wanninkhof, C.M. Eakin (2009). Observing Ocean Acidification from Space. Oceanography 22(4):48.59.
--- Free download from the journal.
Gledhill, D.K., R. Wanninkhof, F.J. Millero and M. Eakin (2008). Ocean Acidification of the Greater Caribbean Region 1996-2006. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans 113: C10031.
--- Free download from the journal.
Manzello, D.P., J.A. Kleypas, D.A. Budd, C.M. Eakin, P.W. Glynn and C. Langdon (2008). Poorly cemented coral reefs of the eastern tropical Pacific: Possible insights into reef development in a high-CO2 world. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(30): 10450-10455.
--- Free download from the journal.
Kleypas, J.A., R.W. Buddemeier, C.M. Eakin, J.P. Gattuso, J. Guinotte, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, R. Iglesias-Prieto, P.L. Jokiel, C. Langdon, W. Skirving and A.E. Strong (2005). Comment on "Coral reef calcification and climate change: The effect of ocean warming". Geophysical Research Letters 32(8): L08601.
--- Free download from the journal.

IX. Other Threats to Coral Reefs:

Caldwell JM, Liu G, Geiger E, Heron SF, Eakin CM, De La Cour J, Greene A, Raymundo L, Dryden J, Schlaff A, Stella JS, Kindinger TL, Couch CS, Fenner D, Hoot W, Manzello D, Donahue MJ. "Multi-Factor Coral Disease Risk: A New Product for Early Warning and Management." Ecological Applications 34(4): e2961. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2961.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Mason, R.A.B., Skirving, W.J. and Dove, S.G. (2023), Photoacclimation dynamics in coral holobionts responding to thermal and irradiance changes correlate with photon pressure per symbiont. Limnol Oceanogr, 68: 2529-2543. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12439.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Kolodziej G, Studivan MS, Gleason ACR, Langdon C, Enochs IC and Manzello DP (2021) Impacts of Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease (SCTLD) on Coral Community Structure at an Inshore Patch Reef of the Upper Florida Keys Using Photomosaics. Front. Mar. Sci. 8:682163. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.682163.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Rubin ET, Enochs IC, Foord C, Mayfield AB, Kolodziej G, Basden I and Manzello DP (2021) Molecular Mechanisms of Coral Persistence Within Highly Urbanized Locations in the Port of Miami, Florida. Front. Mar. Sci. 8:695236. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2021.695236.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Skirving, W, Storlazzi C, Smail EA (2021). Forecasting Floods on Reef-Lined Coasts - Introducing the Wave-Driven Flood-Forecasting on Reef-Lined Coasts Early Warning System (WaveFoRCE). UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development Special Issue, Chapter Four: A Safe Ocean, pp. 144-147.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Skirving W, Pomeroy A, McCall R, Marra J and Storlazzi C (2021) Editorial: Flooding on Coral Reef-Lined Coasts: Current State of Knowledge and Future Challenges. Front. Mar. Sci. 7:635240. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.635240.
--- Free download from the journal.
Greene A, Donahue MJ, Caldwell JM, Heron SF, Geiger E and Raymundo LJ (2020) Coral Disease Time Series Highlight Size-Dependent Risk and Other Drivers of White Syndrome in a Multi-Species Model. Front. Mar. Sci. 7:601469. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.601469.
--- Free download from the journal.
Winter G, Storlazzi C, Vitousek S, van Dongeren A, McCall R, Hoeke R, Skirving W, Marra J, Reyns J, Aucan J, Widlansky M, Becker J, Perry C, Masselink G, Lowe R, Ford M, Pomeroy A, Mendez F, Rueda A and Wandres M (2020) Steps to Develop Early Warning Systems and Future Scenarios of Storm Wave-Driven Flooding Along Coral Reef-Lined Coasts. Front. Mar. Sci. 7:199. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.00199.
--- Free download from the journal.
Hernández, W.J.; Ortiz-Rosa, S.; Armstrong, R.A.; Geiger, E.F.; Eakin, C.M.; Warner, R.A. Quantifying the Effects of Hurricanes Irma and Maria on Coastal Water Quality in Puerto Rico using Moderate Resolution Satellite Sensors. Remote Sens. 2020, 12(6), 964; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12060964.
--- Free download from the journal.
Caldwell, J.M., Aeby, G., Heron, S.F., Donahue, M.J. Case-control design identifies ecological drivers of endemic coral diseases. Sci Rep 10, 2831 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59688-8.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Tracy, AM, Pielmeier ML, Yoshioka RM, Heron SF, Harvell CD (2019). Increases and decreases in marine disease reports in an era of global change. 286. Proc. R. Soc. B. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1718.
--- More details from the publisher.
Smail, EA, DiGiacomo P, Seeyave S, Djavidnia S, Celliers L, Le Traon P-Y, Gault J, Escobar-Briones E, Plag H-P, Pequignet A-C, Bajona L, Zhang L, Pearlman J, Steven A, Hodge J, Racault M-F, Storlazzi C, Skirving W, Hoeke R, Marra J, van Dongeren A, Muller-Karger F, Cripe D, Takaki D. (2019) An introduction to the 'Oceans and Society: Blue Planet' initiative. Journal of Operational Oceanography. https://doi.org/10.1080/1755876X.2019.1634959.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Brodnicke, O.B., Bourne, D.G., Heron, S.F., Pears, R.J., Stella, J.S., Smith, H.A., Willis, B.L. Unravelling the links between heat stress, bleaching and disease: fate of tabular corals following a combined disease and bleaching event. Coral Reefs 38, 591-603 (2019) doi:10.1007/s00338-019-01813-9.
--- More details from the publisher.
Matthews SA, Mellin C, MacNeil A, Heron SF, Skirving W, Puotinen M, Devlin MJ, Pratchett M (2019) High-resolution characterization of the abiotic environment and disturbance regimes on the Great Barrier Reef, 1985-2017. Ecology 100(2):e02574. doi:10.1002/ecy.2574.
--- Free download from the publisher.
Pratchett MS, Bridge TCL, Brodie J, Cameron DS, Day J, Emslie MJ, Grech A, Hamann M, Heron SF, Hoey AS, Hoogenboom MO, Lough JM, Morrison TH, Osborne K, Read M, Schauble C, Smithers SG, Sweatman HPA, Waterhouse J (2019) Chapter 15 - Australia's Great Barrier Reef. In: C. Sheppard (ed.) World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation, Second Edition, Volume Two: The Indian Ocean to the Pacific, pp. 333-362.
--- More details from the publisher.
Harvell, CD, Montecino-Latorre D, Caldwell JM, Burt JM, Bosley K, Keller A, Heron SF, Salomon AK, Lee L, Pontier O, Pattengill-Semmens C, Gaydos JK. 2019. Disease epidemic and a marine heat wave are associated with the continental-scale collapse of a pivotal predator (Pycnopodia helianthoides). Sci. Adv. 5 (1), eaau7042. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aau7042.
--- Free download from the journal.
Burn, D.; Pratchett, M.S.; Heron, S.F.; Thompson, C.A.; Pratchett, D.J.; Hoey, A.S. Limited Cross-Shelf Variation in the Growth of Three Branching Corals on Australia's Great Barrier Reef. Diversity 2018, 10, 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/d10040122.
--- Free download from the journal.
Bell, JD, Albert J, Amos G, Arthur C, Blanc M, Bromhead D, Heron SF, Hobday AJ, Hunt A, Itano D, James PAS, Lehodey P, Liu G, Nicol S, Potemra J, Reygondeau G, Rubani J, Phillips JS, Senina I, Sokimi W (2018). Operationalising access to oceanic fisheries resources by small-scale fishers to improve food security in the Pacific Islands. Marine Policy 88(2018): 315-322. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2017.11.008.
--- More details from the journal.
Caldwell JM, Burns JHR, Couch C, Ross M, Runyon C, Takabayashi M, Vargas-Ángel B, Walsh W, Walton M, White D, Williams G, Heron SF (2016) Hawai'i Coral Disease database (HICORDIS): species-specific coral health data from across the Hawaiian archipelago. Data in Brief 8: 1054-1058. doi:10.1016/j.dib.2016.07.025.
--- Free download from the journal.
Welch, H, Pressey RL, Heron SF, Ceccarelli DM, Hobday AJ (2016) Regimes of chlorophyll-a in the Coral Sea: implications for evaluating adequacy of marine protected areas. Ecography 39(3): 289-304. doi: 10.1111/ecog.01450.
--- Free download from the journal.
Maynard, J, Beeden R, Puotinen M, Johnson J, Marshall P, van Hooidonk R, Heron SF, Devlin M, Lawrey E, Dryden J, Ban N, Wachenfeld D, Planes S (2016) Great Barrier Reef No-Take Areas Include a Range of Disturbance Regimes. Conservation Letters 9(3): 191-199. doi: 10.1111/conl.12198.
--- Free download from the journal.
Maynard J, van Hooidonk R, Harvell CD, Eakin CM, Liu G, Willis BL, Williams GJ, Groner M, Dobson A, Heron SF, Glenn R, Reardon K, Shields JD (2016) Improving marine disease surveillance through sea temperature monitoring, outlooks and projections. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 371(1689): 20150208. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0208.
--- Free download from the journal.
Caldwell JM, Heron SF, Eakin CM, Donahue MJ. (2016) Satellite SST-Based Coral Disease Outbreak Predictions for the Hawaiian Archipelago. Remote Sensing 8(2): 93, doi:10.3390/rs8020093.
--- Free download from the journal.
Groner ML, Maynard J, Breyta R, Carnegie RB, Dobson A, Friedman CS, Froelich B, Garren M, Gulland FMD, Heron SF, Noble RT, Revie CW, Shields JD, Vanderstichel R, Weil E, Wyllie-Echeverria S, Harvell CD (2016) Managing Marine Disease Emergencies in an Era of Rapid Change. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 371(1689): 20150364. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0364.
--- Free download from the journal.
Pascoe S, Doshi A, Thébaud O, Thomas CR, Schuttenberg HZ, Heron SF, Setiasih N, Tan JCH, True J, Wallmo K, Loper C, Calgaro E (2014) Estimating the potential impact of entry fees for marine parks on dive tourism in South East Asia, Marine Policy 47: 147-152.
--- More details from the journal.
Pollock, JF, Lamb JB, Field SN, Heron SF, Schaffelke B, Shedrawi G, Bourne DG, Willis BL (2014). Sediment and turbidity associated with offshore dredging increase coral disease prevalence on nearby reefs. PLOS ONE 9(7): e102498.
--- Free download from the journal.
Johnson, J, Maynard J, Devlin M, Wilkinson S, Anthony K, Yorkston H, Heron S, Puotinen M, van Hooidonk R. (2013). Chapter 2 - Resilience of Great Barrier Reef marine ecosystems and drivers of change. In: Brodie J, Waterhouse J, Schaffelke B, Kroon F, Thorburn P, Rolfe J, Johnson J, Fabricius K, Lewis S, Devlin M, Warne M, and McKenzie L (Eds.), 2013 Scientific Consensus Statement: Land use impacts on Great Barrier Reef water quality and ecosystem condition, 35pp.
--- Free download.
Beeden, R., J.A. Maynard, P.A. Marshall, S.F. Heron, B.L. Willis (2012). A framework for responding to coral disease outbreaks that facilitates adaptive management. Environmental Management 49: 1-13.
--- More details from the publisher.
Heron, S.F., J. Maynard, B. Willis, T. Christensen, D. Harvell, B. Vargas-Angel, R. Beeden, J. Sziklay, G. Aeby, E. Franklin, W. Skirving, M. Eakin, T. Burgess, J. Li, G. Liu, E. Lucas, J. Rauenzahn, A. Strong (2012). Developments in understanding relationships between environmental conditions and coral disease. Proceedings of the 12th International Coral Reef Symposium, Cairns, Australia, 9-13 July 2012.
--- Free download from the conference website.
Edwards, H.J., I.A. Elliott, C.M. Eakin, A. Irikawa, J.S. Madin, M. McField, J.A. Morgan, R. van Woesik, P.J. Mumby (2011). How much time can herbivore protection buy for coral reefs under realistic regimes of hurricanes and coral bleaching? Global Change Biology 17: 2033.2048. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02366.x.
--- Free download from the journal.
Liu, G., D. Obura, M. Richmond, D. Souter, M. Eakin (2011). Global and Regional Phenomena. In: Field Guide to the Seashores of Eastern Africa and the Western Indian Ocean Islands, 3rd Edition, M. Richmond, ed., Sida/SAREC, University of Dar es Salaam, 464pp.
--- More details from the publisher.
Maynard, J.A., K.R.N. Anthony, C.D. Harvell, M.A. Burgman, R. Beeden, H. Sweatman, S.F. Heron, J.B. Lamb, B.L. Willis (2011). Predicting outbreaks of a climate-driven coral disease in the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 30(2): 485-495, doi: 10.1007/s00338-010-0708-0.
--- More details from the journal.
Aubrecht, C., C.D. Elvidge and C.M. Eakin (2008). Earth observation based assessment of anthropogenic stress to coral reefs - A global analysis. IEEE (Eds.), IGARSS'08: IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, July, 6th - 11th, Boston, Massachusetts: 367-370.
--- More details from the conference website.
Clarke, A., T. Battista, B. Dieveney, D. Gledhill, M. Gombos, C. Jeffrey, J. Koss, T. Leberer, C. Loper, G. Liu, J. Miller, J. Moore, J. Morgan, S. Simpson, J. Waddell and D. Wusinich-Mendez (2008). National Level Activities to Support U.S. and FAS Coral Conservation. In J.E. Waddell & A.M. Clarke [Eds.], The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 73. NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team, Silver Spring, MD. 11-28 pp.
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Heron, M.L., A. Prytz, S.F. Heron, W.J. Skirving, T. Helzel, T. Schlick, D. Greenslade and E. Schulz (2008). Tsunami Observation by Coastal Ocean Radar. International Journal of Remote Sensing, Special Issue PORSEC 29(21): 6347-6359.
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Kleypas, J.A. and C.M. Eakin (2007). Scientists' perceptions of threats to coral reefs: results of a survey of coral reef researchers. Bulletin of Marine Science 80(2): 419-436.
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Bruckner, A., K. Buja, L. Fairey, K. Gleason, M. Harmon, S. Heron, T. Hourigan, C. Jeffrey, J. Kellner, R. Kelty, B. Leeworthy, G. Liu, S. Pittman, A. Shapiro, A. Strong, J. Waddell and P. Wiley (2005). Threats and Stressors to U.S. Coral Reef Ecosystems. In J.E. Waddell [Ed.] The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2005. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 11, NOAA/NCCOS Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment's Biogeography Team, Silver Spring, MD. 12-44 pp.
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McKinnon, D., M. Meekan, J. Carleton, M. Furnas, S. Duggan and W. Skirving (2003). Rapid changes in shelf waters and pelagic communities on the southern Northwest Shelf, Australia, following a tropical cyclone. Continental Shelf Research 23: 93-111.
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Eakin, C.M. (2001). A tale of two ENSO events: Carbonate budgets and the influence of two warming events and intervening variability, Uva Island, Panama. Bulletin of Marine Science 69(1): 171-186.
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Eakin, C.M. (1996). Where have all the carbonates gone? A model comparison of calcium carbonate budgets before and after the 1982-1983 El Niño. Coral Reefs 15(2): 109-119.
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Eakin, C.M. and P.W. Glynn (1996). Low tidal exposures and reef mortalities in the eastern Pacific. Coral Reefs 15(2): 120.
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