Coral Reef Watch Publications by Topic

If you would like a reprint of any article below, please e-mail us.

Data Products  |  Bleaching Events  |  Climate Change  |  Remote Sensing
Paleoclimatology  |  Hydrodynamics  |  Ocean Acidification  |  Other Reef Threats

I. Operational Data Products:

  • Strong, A.E., F. Arzayus, W. Skirving and S.F. Heron (2006). Identifying Coral Bleaching Remotely via Coral Reef Watch - Improved Integration and Implications for Changing Climate. In J.T. Phinney, et al. [Eds.], Coral Reefs and Climate Change: Science and Management. Coastal and Estuarine Studies, Vol. 61, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. 163-180 pp.
          ---  More details from the publisher.

  • Liu, G., A.E. Strong, W.J. Skirving and L.F. Arzayus (2006). Overview of NOAA Coral Reef Watch Program's Near-Real-Time Satellite Global Coral Bleaching Monitoring Activities. Proceedings of the 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa: 1783-1793.
          ---  Free download from ReefBase.

  • Strong, A.E., G. Liu, J. Meyer, J.C. Hendee and D. Sasko (2004). Coral Reef Watch 2002. Bulletin of Marine Science 75(2): 259-268.
          ---  Free download from the journal.

  • Strong, A.E., T.J. Goreau and R. Hayes (1999). Ocean HotSpots and Coral Reef Bleaching: January - July 1998. Reef Encounter 24: 20-22.
          ---  Free download from the publisher.

  • Toscano, M.A., A.E. Strong and I.C. Guch (1999). New analyses for ocean HotSpots and coral reef bleaching. Reef Encounter 26: 31.
          ---  Free download from the publisher.

  • Strong, A.E., C.S. Barrientos, C. Duda and J. Sapper (1997). Improved satellite techniques for monitoring coral reef bleaching. Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium, Panama 2: 1495-1498.
          ---  Free download from ReefBase.

  • Gleeson, M.W. and A.E. Strong (1995). Applying MCSST to coral reef bleaching. Advances in Space Research 16(10): 151-154.
          ---  Download the article in PDF format: 110KB
          ---  Download the figures in PDF format: 5.4MB
          ---  More details from the publisher.

  • Gleeson, M.W. and A.E. Strong (1994). Applying MCSST to coral reef bleaching. EOS 75: 156.
          ---  More details from the journal (requires AGU membership).

  • Boone, M.J. and A.E. Strong (1992). An MCSST climatology: 1984-1990. EOS 73(43): 264.
          ---  More details from the journal (requires AGU membership).

Data Products  |  Bleaching Events  |  Climate Change  |  Remote Sensing
Paleoclimatology  |  Hydrodynamics  |  Ocean Acidification  |  Other Reef Threats

II. Bleaching Events:

  • Oliver, J.K., R. Berkelmans and C.M. Eakin (2009). Coral Bleaching in Space and Time. In M.H. Van Oppen & J.M. Lough [Eds.], Coral Bleaching: Patterns, Processes, Causes and Consequences. Ecological Studies 205, Springer, Berlin. 178 pp.
          ---      More details from the publisher.

  • Heron, S., J. Morgan, M. Eakin and W. Skirving (2008). Hurricanes and their effects on coral reefs. In C. Wilkinson & D. Souter [Eds.], Status of Caribbean Coral Reefs after Bleaching and Hurricanes in 2005. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre, Townsville, Australia. 31-36 pp.
          ---  Download the report in PDF format: 4.0MB

  • Morgan, J., S. Heron and M. Eakin (2008). The 2005 Bleaching Event: Coral-List Log. In C. Wilkinson & D. Souter [Eds.], Status of Caribbean Coral Reefs after Bleaching and Hurricanes in 2005. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre, Townsville, Australia. 37-44 pp.
          ---  Download the report in PDF format: 4.0MB

  • Hoegh-Guldburg, O., M. Fine, W. Skirving, R. Johnstone, S. Dove and A. Strong (2005). Coral bleaching following wintry weather. Limnology and Oceanography 50(1): 265-271.
          ---  Free download from the journal.

  • Berkelmans, R., G. De'ath, S. Kininmonth and W.J. Skirving (2004). A comparison of the 1998 and 2002 coral bleaching events on the Great Barrier Reef: spatial correlation, patterns, and predictions. Coral Reefs 23(1): 74-83.
          ---  More details from the journal (article download requires subscription).

  • McClanahan, T.R., A.H. Baird, P.A. Marshall and M.A. Toscano (2004). Comparing bleaching and mortality responses of hard corals between southern Kenya and the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48(3-4): 327-335.
          ---  More details from the journal (article download requires subscription).

  • Liu, G., A.E. Strong and W. Skirving (2003). Remote Sensing of Sea Surface Temperatures during 2002 Barrier Reef Coral Bleaching. EOS 84(15): 137.
          ---  More details from the journal (requires AGU membership).

  • Strong, A.E., G. Liu and R. Brainard (2003). NOAA satellites give early warning for coral bleaching in Northwestern Hawaii Archipelago. Coastlines 13(3): 8-11.
          ---  Free download from the EPA website.

  • Aronson, R.B., W.F. Precht, M.A. Toscano and K.H. Koltes (2002). The 1998 bleaching event and its aftermath on a coral reef in Belize. Marine Biology 141(3): 435-447.
          ---  More details from the journal (article download requires subscription).

  • Bruno, J.F., C.E. Siddon, J.D. Witman, P.L. Colin and M.A. Toscano (2001). El Nino related coral bleaching in Palau, Western Caroline Islands. Coral Reefs 20(2): 127-136.
          ---  More details from the journal (article download requires subscription).

  • Skirving, W. and J. Guinotte (2001). The sea surface temperature story on the Great Barrier Reef during the coral bleaching event of 1998. In E. Wolanski [Ed.] Oceanographic processes of coral reefs: physical and biological links in the Great Barrier Reef. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 356 pp.
          ---  More details from the publisher.

  • Cumming, R.L., M.A. Toscano, E.R. Lovell, B.A. Carlson, N.K. Dulvy, A. Hughes, J.F. Koven, N.J. Quinn, H.R. Sykes, O.J.S. Taylor and D. Vaughan (2000). Mass coral bleaching in the Fiji Islands, 2000. Proceedings of the 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, Bali: 1161-1169.
          ---  Free download from ReefBase.

  • Goreau, T., T. McClanahan, R. Hayes and A.E. Strong (2000). Conservation of coral reefs after the 1998 global bleaching event. Conservation Biology 14(1): 5-15.
          ---  More details from the journal (article download requires subscription).

  • Wilkinson, C., O. Linden, H. Cesar, G. Hodgson, J. Rubens and A.E. Strong (1999). Ecological and socioeconomic impacts of 1998 coral mortality in the Indian Ocean: an ENSO impact and a warning of future change? Ambio 28(2): 188-196.
          ---  Not available online from the publisher.

  • Goreau, T.J., R.L. Hayes and A.E. Strong (1996). Tracking South Pacific coral reef bleaching by satellite and field obervations. Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium, Panama: 1491-1494.
          ---  Free download from ReefBase.

  • Emery, G.K. and A.E. Strong (1995). Coral bleaching events of 1994 and high SST. EOS 76: S51.
          ---  More details from the journal (requires AGU membership).

  • McCormack, R.C. and A.E. Strong (1990). Correlations between sea surface temperature trends and Caribbean coral bleaching events. EOS 71: 531.
          ---  More details from the journal (requires AGU membership).


III. Climate Change and Coral Reefs:

  • Donner, S.D., S.F. Heron and W.J. Skirving (2009). Future Scenarios: A review of modelling efforts to predict the future of coral reefs in an era of climate change. In M. Van Oppen & J.M. Lough [Eds.], Coral Bleaching: Patterns, Processes, Causes and Consequences. Ecological Studies 205, Springer, Berlin. 178 pp.
          ---      More details from the publisher.

  • Eakin, C.M., J.M. Lough and S.F. Heron (2009). Climate Variability and Change: Monitoring data and evidence for increased coral bleaching stress. In M. Van Oppen & J.M. Lough [Eds.], Coral Bleaching: Patterns, Processes, Causes and Consequences. Ecological Studies 205, Springer, Berlin. 178 pp.
          ---  More details from the publisher.

  • Maynard, J., J. Johnson, P. Marshall, C. Eakin, G. Goby, H. Schuttenberg and C. Spillman (2009). A Strategic Framework for Responding to Coral Bleaching Events in a Changing Climate. Environmental Management .
          ---  More details from the journal.

  • Eakin, C.M., J. Kleypas and O. Hoegh-Guldberg (2008). Global Climate Change and Coral Reefs: Rising Temperatures, Acidification and the Need for Resilient Reefs. In C. Wilkinson [Ed.] Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2008. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre, Townsville, Australia. 29-34 pp.
          ---  Free download from the publisher.

  • Heron, S., W. Skirving and M. Eakin (2008). Global Climate Change and Coral Reefs: Reef Temperature Perspectives Covering the Last Century. In C. Wilkinson [Ed.] Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2008. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre, Townsville, Australia. 35-40 pp.
          ---  Free download from the publisher.

  • Hoegh-Guldberg, O., P.J. Mumby, A.J. Hooten, R.S. Steneck, P. Greenfield, E. Gomez, C.D. Harvell, P.F. Sale, A.J. Edwards, K. Caldeira, N. Knowlton, C.M. Eakin, R. Iglesias-Prieto, N. Muthiga, R.H. Bradbury, A. Dubi and M.E. Hatziolos (2008). Response to Coral Adaptation in the Face of Climate Change. Science 320(5874): 315-316.
          ---  More details from the journal (article download requires subscription).

  • Hoegh-Guldberg, O., P.J. Mumby, A.J. Hooten, R.S. Steneck, P. Greenfield, E. Gomez, C.D. Harvell, P.F. Sale, A.J. Edwards, K. Caldeira, N. Knowlton, C.M. Eakin, R. Iglesias-Prieto, N. Muthiga, R.H. Bradbury, A. Dubi and M.E. Hatziolos (2007). Coral Reefs Under Rapid Climate Change and Ocean Acidification. Science 318(5857): 1737-1742.
          ---  More details from the journal (article download requires subscription).

  • Schuttenberg, H., C. Corrigan, L. McLeod, P. Marshall, N. Setiasih, D. Obura, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, B. Causey, M. Drew, L. Hansen, G. Grimsditch, J. West, A. Skeat, M. Eakin, L. McCook, M. Crawford, P. Kramer and S. Campbell (2007). Building resilience into coral reef management: Key findings & recommendations. Proceedings of the 3rd International Tropical Marine Ecosystems Management Symposium (ITMEMS3), Cozumel, Mexico, 16-20 October 2006, ICRI and ICRAN.
          ---  Free downloads from the conference website.

  • Liu, G. and A.E. Strong (2007). Coral Bleaching. In M.D. King, et al. [Eds.], Our Changing Planet: The View From Space. Cambridge University Press, New York. 184-186 pp.
          ---  More details from the publisher.

  • Phinney, J.T., O. Hoegh-Guldburg, J. Kleypas, W. Skirving and A. Strong [Eds]. (2006). Coral Reefs and Climate Change: Science and Management. Coastal and Estuarine Studies, Vol. 61. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. 244 pp.
          ---  More details from the publisher.

  • Donner, S.D., W.J. Skirving, C.M. Little, M. Oppenheimer and O. Hoegh-Guldberg (2005). Global assessment of coral bleaching and required rates of adaptation under climate change. Global Change Biology 11(12): 2251-2265.
          ---  More details from the journal (article download requires subscription).

  • Liu, G., W. Skirving and A.E. Strong (2003). Potential for expansion of coral reefs into higher latitudes due to climate change. OCEANS 2003, Vol. 5. P2745 - P2747 pp.

  • Wellington, G.W., P.W. Glynn, A.E. Strong, S.A. Navarrete, E. Wieters and D. Hubbard (2001). Crisis on coral reefs linked to climate change. EOS 82(1): 1,5.
          ---  More details from the journal (requires AGU membership).

  • Goreau, T.J., R. Hayes, A.E. Strong, E. Williams, G. Smith, J. Cervino and M. Goreau (1998). Coral reefs and Global Change: Impacts of Temperature, Bleaching, and Emerging Diseases. Sea Wind 12(3): 2-6.

  • Roberts, C.M., J. Hawkins, F.W. Schueler, A.E. Strong and D.E. McAllister (1998). The distribution of coral reef fish biodiversity: the climate-biodiversity connection. Sea Wind 12(4): 14-28.

  • Montgomery, R.S. and A.E. Strong (1994). Coral Bleaching Threatens Ocean, Life. EOS 75(13): 145-147.
          ---  More details from the journal (requires AGU membership).


IV. Remote Sensing Technology for Coral Reefs:

  • Aubrecht, C., C.D. Elvidge, T. Longcore, C. Rich, J. Safran, A.E. Strong, C.M. Eakin, K.E. Baugh, B.T. Tuttle, A.T. Howard and E.H. Erwin (2008). A global inventory of coral reef stressors based on satellite observed nighttime lights. Geocarto International 23(6): 467-479.
          ---      More details from the journal (article download requires subscription).

  • Maynard, J.A., P.J. Turner, K.R.N. Anthony, A.H. Baird, R. Berkelmans, C.M. Eakin, J. Johnson, P.A. Marshall, G.R. Packer, A. Rea and B.L. Willis (2008). ReefTemp: an interactive monitoring system for coral bleaching using high-resolution SST and improved stress predictors. Geophysical Research Letters 35: L05603.
          ---  More details from the journal (article download requires subscription).

  • Heron, M.L., W.J. Skirving and K.J. Michael (2006a). Short-wave ocean wave slope models for use in remote sensing data analysis. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 44(7, Part 2): 1962-1973.

  • Skirving, W.J., A.E. Strong, G. Liu, F. Arzayus, C. Liu and J. Sapper (2006c). Extreme events and perturbations of coastal ecosystems. In L.L. Richardson & E.F. LeDrew [Eds.], Remote Sensing of Aquatic Coastal Ecosystem Processes. Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing, Vol. 9, Springer. 11-26 pp.
          ---  More details from the publisher.

  • Elvidge, C.D., J.B. Dietz, R. Berkelmans, S. Andréfouët, W. Skirving, A.E. Strong and B.T. Tuttle (2004). Satellite observation of Keppel Islands (Great Barrier Reef) 2002 coral bleaching using IKONOS data. Coral Reefs 23(3): 461-462.
          ---  More details from the journal (article download requires subscription).

  • Mumby, P.J., W. Skirving, A.E. Strong, J.T. Hardy, E.F. LeDrew, E.J. Hochberg, R.P. Stumpf and L.T. David (2004). Remote sensing of coral reefs and their physical environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48(3-4): 219.
          ---  More details from the journal (article download requires subscription).

  • Nalli, N., F. Arzayus, P. Chang, P. Clemente-Colon, A. Harris, A. Ignatov, R. Legeckis, X. Li, G. Liu, E. Maturi, T. Mavor, R. Meiggs, B. Pichel, J. Sapper, W. Skirving, A. Strong, C. Merchant and S. MacCallum (2004a). Satellite Remote Sensing and the NOAA/NESDIS Sea-Surface Temperature Science Team. Backscatter Spring 2004: 24-28.

  • Kutser, T., W.J. Skirving and A. Dekker (2003). Satellite remote sensing of coral reef benthos. Limnology and Oceanography 48: 497-510.
          ---  Free download from the journal.

  • Skirving, W.J. (2002). A system for routinely monitoring radiometric sea surface temperature. Marine Technology Society Journal 39(1): 39-43.
          ---  More details from the journal (requires MTS membership).

  • Wellington, G.M., A.E. Strong and G. Merlen (2001a). Sea surface temperature variation in the Galapagos Archipelago: a comparison between AVHRR nighttime satellite data and in-situ instrumentation (1982-1988). Bulletin of Marine Science 69(1): 27-42.
          ---  Free download from the journal.

  • Strong, A.E., K.K. Gjovig and E. Kearns (2000). Sea Surface Temperature Signals from Satellites - An Update. Geophysical Research Letters 27(11): 1667-1670.
          ---  More details from the journal (article download requires subscription).

  • Patzert, W.C., A.E. Strong and G.C. Feldman (1997). Coral Reefs from Space. In T. Tomascik, et al. [Eds.], The Ecology of the Indonesian Seas. Part II. The Ecology of Indonesia Series, Vol. VII, Periplus Editions Ltd., Singapore. 1206-1208 pp.

  • Strong, A.E., J.A. Preyer and C.S. Barrientos (1995). Assessing CZCS time-series data globally, regionally, and zonally: 1979-1985. Advances in Space Research 16(10): 147-150.
          ---  More details from the journal (article download requires subscription).

  • Strong, A.E. (1991). Sea surface temperature signals from space. In W.A. Nierenberg [Ed.] Encyclopedia of Earth System Science. Vol. 4, Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 69-80 pp.


V. Paleoclimatology:

  • Grottoli, A.G. and C.M. Eakin (2007). A review of modern coral [delta]18O and [Delta]14C proxy records. Earth-Science Reviews 81(1-2): 67-91.
          ---      More details from the journal (article download requires subscription).

  • Diffenbaugh, N.S., C.M. Eakin, B.L. Otto-Bliesner and M. Zhao [Eds]. (2006a). Glacial-interglacial climate of the past 160,000 years: New insights from data and models. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Vol. 236.

  • Diffenbaugh, N.S., C.M. Eakin, B.L. Otto-Bliesner and M. Zhao (2006b). Introduction to the special issue "Glacial-interglacial climate of the past 160,000 years: New insights from data and models". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 236(1-2): 1-4.
          ---  More details from the journal (article download requires subscription).

  • Eakin, C.M. and A.G. Grottoli (2006). Coral Reef Records of Past Climatic Change. In J.T. Phinney, et al. [Eds.], Coral Reefs and Climate Change: Science and Management. Coastal and Estuarine Studies, Vol. 61, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. 33-54 pp.
          ---  More details from the publisher.

  • Eakin, C.M., P.K. Swart, T.M. Quinn, K.P. Helmle, J.M. Smith and R.E. Dodge (2006). Application of paleoclimatology to coral reef monitoring and management. Proceedings of the 10th International Coral Reef Symposium, Okinawa: 588-596.
          ---  Free download from ReefBase.

  • Eakin, C.M., M. Diepenbroek and M. Hoepffner (2003). The PAGES Data System. In K.D. Alverson, et al. [Eds.], Paleoclimate, Global Change and the Future. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 175-179 pp.
          ---  More information from the publisher.

  • Alverson, K. and C.M. Eakin (2001). Making sure that the world's palaeodata do not get buried - International efforts are keeping information accessible. Nature 412(6844): 269-269.
          ---  More information from the journal.


VI. Hydrodynamic modeling:

  • Heron, S.F., E.J. Metzger and W.J. Skirving (2006). Seasonal Variations of the Ocean Surface Circulation in the Vicinity of Palau. Journal of Oceanography 62(4): 413-426.
          ---      More details from the journal (article download requires subscription).

  • Skirving, W., M. Heron and S.F. Heron (2006). The Hydrodynamics of a Bleaching Event: Implications for Management and Monitoring. In J.T. Phinney, et al. [Eds.], Coral Reefs and Climate Change: Science and Management. Coastal and Estuarine Studies, Vol. 61, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. 145-162 pp.
          ---  More details from the publisher.

  • Skirving, W., S. Heron, C. Steinberg, A.E. Strong, C. McLean, M. Heron, S. Choukroun, F. Arzayus and A. Bauman (2006). Palau Modeling Final Report. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia. 46 pp.
          ---  Download the report in PDF format: 1.4MB

  • Heron, S.F. and W.J. Skirving (2004). Satellite bathymetry use in numerical models of ocean thermal stress. La Revista Gayana 68(2): 284-288.
          ---  Full text online from the publisher.

  • Steinberg, C.R., S.F. Heron, W.J. Skirving, C. McLean and S.M. Choukroun (2004). Palau Oceanographic Array Data Report, August 2003 - January 2004. Report to The Nature Conservancy. Australian Institute of Marine Science and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 246 pp.
          ---  Download the report in PDF format: 13MB

  • Wolanski, E., R. Brinkman, S. Spagnol, F. McAllister, C. Steinberg, W. Skirving and E. Deleersnijder (2003). Merging Scales in Models of Water Circulation. In V.C. Lakhan [Ed.] Advances in Coastal Modelling. Elsevier. 411-429 pp.
          ---  More details from the publisher.

  • Brinkman, R., E. Wolanski, E. Deleersnijder, F. Mcallister and W. Skirving (2002). Oceanic inflow from the Coral Sea into the Great Barrier Reef. Estuarine Coastal And Shelf Science 54: 655-668.
          ---  More details from the journal (article download requires subscription).


VII. Ocean Acidification:


VIII. Other Threats to Coral Reefs:


Many of the files are in PDF format. Free Adobe Acrobat Readers can be downloaded from Adobe.